MJ

Hello Domino, Welcome to the Hye Forum and thanks for your note. Could you introduce yourself, please. We, at the Hye Forum, have no reasons to fear provocations or manipulations. We are people of good will, and we are ready to give the benefit of doubt to anybody, and anybody who wants to engage with us in a dialog is welcome here. If some would choose to use it for other purposes - too bad for them. After all, what would be achieved in the result? That Armenians and Turks may hate each other more than they do currently? Is it possible? Or then what? What purpose would this serve? After all, we are not trying to satisfy some animalistic urges, right?

Your analysis was a pretty good one, Alpha.

USA IS NOT WORRIED BY STATIONONG OF S-300 COMPLEXES AT RUSSIAN BASE IN ARMENIA Mediamax May 8, 2001 YEREVAN U.S. State Department spokesman Richard Boucher said at a briefing in Washington that the S-300 missile complex stationed on the Russian military base in Armenia didn't fall within the limiting of the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe. Mediamax was informed today in the press service of the U.S. State Department that Baoucher had said this at a briefing Monday answering the question, whether USA was worried by the fact that the S-300 complexes were stationed nearby Turkish border. "We do monitor the equipment that Russia has at bases in Armenia, including equipment covered by the multilateral agreement limiting conventional forces in the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe. The S-300 system is not covered by the treaty and therefore is not subject to reporting requirements," Boucher said.

2) Armenian Democratic Liberal Party Reunited at Athens Assembly After many months of preparation, the 22nd General Assembly of the Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (ADL) convened in Athens April 6 to 8. It was hosted by the local chair and witnessed the participation of delegates from all branches of the ADL. Certain developments in the past decade created a national and political reordering in the Armenian diasporan structures; first and foremost, it was the traditional political parties which were jolted. Unfortunately, the ADL didn't escape those shocks, which ruptured its internal unity and temporarily retarded the progress of its mission. After lengthy negotiations, the party's various circles of leadership decided, no matter how difficult, to reestablish the internal unity of the organization and put it back on the historical track of its mission. This decision was motivated by the urgent political priorities of the day, as well as moving appeals for unity made by the party's rank and file. In the first place, the General Assembly provided the opportunity to engage in healthy discussion of the points of dissension affecting the organization, as well as the priorities of its activities. At the conclusion of its sessions, the General Assembly took the definitive step of making the much-desired unity a reality. The Assembly elected a Central Committee which succeeded in establishing a common denominator among all the strata and factions of the party. The Central Committee was given the authorization to reestablish chapters in light of new reforms introduced to the basic by-laws. After completing its agenda, the Assembly discussed certain fundamental issues affecting the Armenian people as a whole, and adopted resolutions corresponding to those issues. The principal resolutions are the following: 1. Armenia and Artsakh The ADL continues to offer its support to the government of the newly established Republic of Armenia and for the maintenance of its territorial integrity. Likewise, the ADL offers its moral and financial capabilities for the well being of the native Armenian population. The ADL accepts the ADL of Armenia as the legal heir to the Armenagan Party, which came into being in 1885, as well as the entity continuing the ADL’s ideological creed which, was adopted in 1921. The Assembly was gratified to welcome the presence of a delegation of the Central Committee of the ADL of Armenia. The Assembly expressed its solidarity with the just struggle of the freedom-loving people of Artsakh, and formulated its wishes in connection with a fair political resolution of the Artsakh conflict. 2. Armenian Cause The Armenian Democratic Liberal Party, as torchbearer of the defense of the Armenian Cause, decided to continue its struggle through the mass media press and in political circles, in order to obtain recognition of the Armenian Genocide and to achieve the integration of the territory of historical Armenia and its return to its rightful owner through unrelenting struggle. 3. The Armenian Church The ADL affirms its traditional policy of recognizing the Catholicos of All Armenians, of the Mother See of Holy Echmiadzin, as the sole head of the Armenian Apostolic Church. At the same time, it notes with regret the continuing disunity within the Armenian Church, whose principal role player is the Catholicate of the See of Cilicia, with its historically illegitimate pretensions and politically one-sided orientations. It is time for the Catholicate of the See of Cilicia to become free from its political constrictions and return to its spiritual calling. The ADL Party hereby also calls upon the faithful flock of the Armenian Apostolic Church to continue its struggle to reestablish the unity of the church. In this sacred struggle, it considers as foremost the role to be played by the clergy under the jurisdiction of the Mother See, in assuming leadership and educating the faithful. On the eve of the 1,700th anniversary of the proclamation of Christianity as the state religion of Armenia, the reestablishment of the unity of the Armenian Church becomes a top priority, which will lead the Armenian people to spiritual unification and progress. At the end, the Assembly enthusiastically received the announcement marking the party's 80th anniversary, which invited the organization’s membership, scattered throughout the world, to mobilize, hail this significant milestone in the party's history with a unified spirit, and to proceed towardthe triumphant centennial and bright future. http://groong.usc.edu/news/msg31304.html

Levon, You should rather open a special bank account, and request money transfers instead of congratulations. It is a very effective way.... As to the green paint, I don't know about it, but it is recognized that medieval Armenians have created some type of red paint called "Vordan Karmir" which they say doesn't fade away throughout centuries.

http://www.kealtd.com/armenia.htm_cmp_expeditn110_bnr.gif T H I S I S AN I N V I T A T I O N O N L Y E V E N T ! REGISTRATION CLOSED The U.S. Trade and Development Agency, The International Finance Corporation and The World Bank present: Armenia Investor Conference Ancient Land – New Direction May 9 - 10 -11, 2001 - The Plaza Hotel - New York City CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS SHOULD MAKE THEIR OWN HOTEL RESERVATIONS DIRECTLY WITH THE PLAZA HOTEL. This unique conference offers business leaders from around the world a convenient forum: To acquire expert and updated information about “doing business” in Armenia and To review a range of investment opportunities in the private sector assembled by the conference organizers. The inclusion of a project on the agenda, however, does not constitute a specific endorsement by the organizers. Speakers and sessions are confirmed unless otherwise noted. A number of sessions will take place concurrently to afford a wider range of activities and greater opportunity for attendee interaction and participation. A complete agenda of all conference sessions, with corresponding room locations, will be available in March 2001. The information provided below remains subject to change. All events will take place at the Plaza Hotel, in New York City, with the exception of the May 11th Dinner Cruise around Manhattan Island aboard the yacht "Horizon". CONFERENCE AGENDA Wednesday, May 9 2:30 pm - 6:30 pm Registration (Terrace Room Foyer) 6:30pm - 8:30pm Welcoming Reception (Terrace Room) ****************************** Thursday, May 10 7:30am - 9:30am Registration (Grand Ballroom Foyer) 8:00am - 9:00am Continental Breakfast (Grand Ballroom Foyer) Plenary Session: 9:00am - 9:15am Grand Ballroom Welcoming Remarks: Assaad Jabre, Vice President The International Finance Corporation (IFC) & Barbara Bradford, Acting Director The U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA) 9:15am - 9:40am Armenia In The 21st Century: H. E. Robert Kocharian, President of the Republic of Armenia, introduced by Michael Lemmon, U.S. Ambassador to Armenia The Official Site of the President of the Republic of Armenia 9:40am - 10:05am Armenia's Economic & Foreign Investment Strategy: Vahram Nercissiantz, Chief Economic Advisor to the President of the Republic of Armenia, introduced by H. E. Arman Kirakossian, Armenian Ambassador to the U.S. 10:05am - 11:10am Investors In Armenia Moderator: H. E. Timothy Jones, British Ambassador to Armenia Presenters: Armenia Marriott Hotel Yerevan: Paul Korian, Managing Director, AK Development V.S. Hovnanian Group: Vahak Hovnanian, President Tufenkian Import/Export Ventures: James Tufenkian, President Pernod Ricard: Pierre Larretche, President, Yerevan Brandy Company 11:10am - 11:30am Networking Refreshment Break (Grand Ballroom Foyer) Concurrent Sessions 11:30am - 12:30pm Investment Opportunities in Armenia's (Grand Ballroom) Moderator: Melissa Eustace, Country Manager for the NIS, TDA Presenters: Agrinex Greenhouse: Tigran Jrbashyan, SED-MARSED Investment Consulting Tsakhadzor Resort: Rinaldo Gasparini, RENCO Mshak Technology Innovation Center: Bob Miller, National Semiconductor, NSC/LTCC A Healthcare Development Model for the Region: Saro Tsaturyan, General Director, Diagnostica 11:30am - 12:30pm IFC Presentation On SME Investment Vehicle For Qualified Investors (Le Petit Trianon): Michael Ayoub, Sr. Investment Officer, IFC & Technical Assistance Initiatives in Armenia (Le Petit Trianon): Richard Ranken, Head, Private Enterprise Partnership, IFC Luncheon 12:30pm - 2:00pm Terrace Room - By Invitation Only Keynote Speaker: James D. Wolfensohn, President, The World Bank Group, introduced by Edward Nassim, Director, Central & Eastern Europe, IFC Concurrent Sessions 2:00pm - 3:30pm Armenia's Legal & Tax Environment (Grand Ballroom) Moderator: Leocadia Zak, General Counsel, TDA Presenters: Tom Samuelian Esq., Arlex International Jackie Coolidge, Program Manager, Europe and Central Asia Foreign Investment Advisory Service/IFC Edward Muradian, Chair, Securities Commission, Republic of Armenia Van Krikorian Esq., Vedder, Price, Kaufman & Kammholz Terry Murdoch, Barents Group, a KPMG Company Vahe Yacoubian Esq., Manatt, Phelps & Phillips Gagik Arzumanyan, Deputy Minister of Finance and Economy, Republic of Armenia 2:00pm - 2:20pm Establish & Support IT Development in Armenia (Le Petit Trianon): World Bank, Presenter: Vladimir Kreacic, World Bank Deputy Resident Representative, Ukraine 2:20pm - 3:30pm National IT Master Strategy (Le Petit Trianon): Bernard Mazer, USAID & Robert Ronstadt, IC2 Institute, USA 3:30pm - 3:50pm Networking Refreshment Break (Grand Ballroom Foyer) 3:50pm - 5:00pm Sources of Financing (Grand Ballroom) Moderator: Daniel Stein, Regional Director, TDA Presenters: World Bank Group - Stefanie Von Friedeburg, IFC, Lars Blomfeldt, MIGA U.S. Government - Peter Ballinger, OPIC, Paul Tumminia, EX-IM BANK Ararat Ghukasyan, Deputy CEO, HSBC Bank Armenia Harut Sassounian, Vice Chairman, The Lincy Foundation 3:50pm - 4:40pm IFC Presentation on SME Investment Vehicle For Qualified Investors (Le Petit Trianon): Michael Ayoub, Sr. Investment Officer, IFC (Repeat Presentation) & Technical Assistance Initiatives in Armenia (Le Petit Trianon): Richard Ranken, Head, Private Enterprise Partnership, IFC (Repeat Presentation) Evening Events - By Invitation Only 6:45pm - 7:30pm ****tail Reception (Terrace Room Foyer) 7:30pm The President's Dinner (Terrace Room) ******************************************************************** Friday, May 11 8:00am - 9:00am Plenary Session Continental Breakfast (Grand Ballroom Foyer) Grand Ballroom 9:00am - 9:10am Armenia's Economic Reforms & The World Bank's Strategy for Private Sector Development: Judy O'Connor, Country Director for Armenia, World Bank 9:10am - 9:40am The Energy Sector - Privatization Strategy & Investment Opportunities: Karen Galustyan, Minister of Energy, Republic of Armenia; Salman Zaheer, Lead Energy Economist, World Bank 9:40am - 10:00am EBRD Presentation: Charles Frank, Vice President (tentative) 10:00am - 10:25am The Promise of Peace - Key West and Beyond: Ambassador Carey Cavanaugh, Special Negotiator for Nagorno Artsax; Ambassador William B. Taylor, Coordinator of U.S. Assistance for the NIS 10:25am - 10:45am Networking Refreshment Break (Grand Ballroom Foyer) Concurrent Sessions 10:45am - 12:30pm The Technology Sector (Grand Ballroom) Moderator: Tribhuwan Narain, Service Associates International, Inc. Presenters: Integrating IT Globally: IT Park: Sam Simonian, President, Epygi Labs, USA Center for Information Technology, Gagik Yeghiazarian, K-Partners, Armenia Investor Perspectives: Yngve Redling, LM Ericsson AB, Sweden Tele-communications Sector: Yannis Lambrianos, President and CEO, Armentel Sirius - Mobile Phone Software: Shandip Popat, Annova, U.K. Transferring Western/FSU Know-How for Global Operations: Panel Presentations: Levon Thorose, AESA; Mark Taylor, U.S. CRDF; Dmitri Dmitri, Delta Tau, U.S.A. & Mshak Armenia; Vahram Mouradian, Leda Systems U.S.A. World Bank Gateway to Armenia: Ashot Hovanesian, Synergy International Systems, U.S.A. 10:45am - 12:30pm Tourism & Hotels (Le Louvre) Moderator: Flo Snyder, Former Director of Tourism, State of California & Consultant to Armenian Tourism Board. Presenters: Bed & Breakfasts/Townhouses: Vahak Hovnanian, President, V.S. Hovnanian Group & Chairman, Armenian Tourism Board Armenia Marriott Hotel Yerevan: Carl Bazarian, President, East-West Financial Hotel Yerevan: Rinaldo Gasparini, President, RENCO Yerevan-Sevan Hotel Project: Vineet Singh, DSA Group Heritage and Culture: Tigran Davtyan, Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade, Republic of Armenia Tourism & Business: Anil Sampat, President, American Chamber of Commerce, Yerevan Regional Bed & Breakfast: James Tufenkian, President, Tufenkian Hospitality Ltd. 10:45am - 12:30pm Mining (Le Petit Trianon) Moderator: Kenneth Hansen, Chadbourne & Parke, LLP Presenters: Mining Sector: Karen Chshmaritian, Armenian Minister of Industry & Trade; Armand Pinarbasi, Amyot Exco Akhtala: Copper Production by Metal Prince, Serob Der-Boghssian, President Copper Smelters & Mine Development: John D. Weisser, Manes & Vallex Gegama Cables: Alan Kutchukian, KPMG Armenia Shen Stone Tiles: Levon Arevshatyan, consultant 10:45am - 12:30pm One-On-One Meetings: As scheduled between presenters and investors (State Suite & Blue Room) Luncheon 12:30pm - 2:00pm Terrace Room - By Invitation Only Keynote Speaker - Senator Bob Dole, Former Majority Leader, U.S. Senate "Leadership and Values in the 21st Century" Introduced by Congressman Frank Pallone (D - NJ) Co-Chair, Congressional Caucasus On Armenian Issues Concurrent Sessions 2:00pm - 3:30pm The Agribusiness Sector (Grand Ballroom) Moderator: Craig Infanger, USDA Presenters: Sugar Refinery: Arno Jansen, Schaffer & Associates International Bottled Water Exports & Packaging, Alex Poghossian, Alpha Plus Small Scale Investment Opportunities: Harley Martin, Agricultural Investment Specialist, USDA Fruit Juices from Yerevan Beer Company, Armand Pinarbasi, Amyot Exco ISO9000 Certified Fruit and Vegetable Processing: Artak Eloghlyan, Alpha Plus 2:00pm - 3:30pm Transportation Logistics (Le Louvre) Moderator: Alan Morley, Barents Group Presenters: Leasing of Transport Vehicles: Levon Arevshatyan, Intermotor Armenia, DaimlerChrysler distributor in Armenia Regional Transportation Centers: Steve Robinson, President, Seaborne International Logistics: Jerry Oberndorfer, NIS Coordinator’s Office Poti Port: John Nippers, Barwil (invited) Freight Forwarders: Serop Der-Boghossian, Chairman, Association of Armenian Freight Forwarders, Arsen Ghazaryan, CEO, Apaven Freight Forwarding, Armenia (invited) Airlines: Hani El Kurdi, Director of North America, British Mediterranean, a subsidiary of British Airways 2:00pm - 3:30pm Energy (Le Petit Trianon) Moderator: Eric Crabtree, IFC Presenters: Small Hydropower: Hydroenergia, Alan Kutchukian, Director, KPMG Armenia Wind Power: Henk den Boon, E-Connection, The Netherlands Technology Incubator - Renewables & IT: Serge Adamian, President, SolarEn International Oil and Gas: Tim Papworth, General Manager, Armenian American Exploration Company 2:00pm - 3:30pm One-On-One Meetings: As scheduled between presenters and investors (State Suite & Blue Room) 3:30pm - 3:50pm Networking Refreshment Break (Grand Ballroom Foyer) Plenary Session Grand Ballroom 3:50pm - 4:05pm The Role of the Armenian Development Agency (ADA), Vahagn Movsisian, Director 4:05pm - 4:35pm Conference Wrap Up & Next Steps: Edward Nassim, Director, Central & Eastern Europe, IFC Evening Events - By Invitation Only 6:00pm (promptly) Depart Plaza Hotel (Board Buses at 59th street entrance to the Hotel) for the yacht "Horizon", New York Harbor 7:00pm Dinner Cruise around Manhattan aboard the 160 ft. yacht "Horizon" Featuring: Datevik Hovanesian & HER TRIO 10:30pm Return to The Plaza Hotel (End of Program) Information Links The U.S. Trade and Development Agency The World Bank The International Finance Corporation Business Information Service for the NIS U.S. Embassy in Armenia Embassy of the Republic of Armenia to the U.S. U.S. Armenia Business and Investment Association U.S. Information Service (USIS) Yerevan Homepage Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) Privatization Ministry of the Republic of Armenia Enterprises and Organizations of Armenia Privatization Link Business Website Armenia Mariott Hotel Yerevan: http://armhotel1.r.am/ Arlex international: www.arlex.am Securities Comission of Armenia: www.seccom.am Vedder, Price, Kaufman & Kammholz: www.vedderprice.com Center for Information Technology: www.cit.am Ericsson: www.ericsson.com Armentel: www.armentel.com Sirius: www.sirius.am AESA: www.aesa.org U.S. CRDF: www.crdf.org Delta Tau: www.deltatau.com Leda Systems: www.ledasystems.com Diagnostica: www.dmc.am Brience: www.brience.com Synergy: www.synisys.com/website/ Armenian Foreign Ministry: www.armeniaforeignministry.com/ E-Connection: www.e-connection.nl SolarEn: www.solaren.com Yerevan Beer Company: www.kilikia.am Amyot Exco: http://www.amyotexco.com/ KPMG Armenia: www.kpmg.am Seaborne International: www.seaborne-intl.com British Mediterranean: www.britishmediterranean.com/ Armenian Development Agency: www.gateway.am http://www.kealtd.com/armenia.htm

Steve, I agree with a part of your list, and disagree with another part of it. But perhaps this is not the place to argue about them.

Treaty of Peace with Turkey Signed at Lausanne, July 24, 1923 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EDITOR'S NOTE: The following Original Text Transcription is meant to provide a basis for competent reasoning on the Treaty of Peace with Turkey Signed at Lausanne (July 24, 1923), which is currently - at least in Europe (i.e. up to June 17,1998) - so much debated and questioned regarding the validity of its legal foundations as well as the actual level of (NON-)compliance. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Treaty of Peace with Turkey Signed at Lausanne, July 24, 1923 (from: The Treaties of Peace 1919-1923, Vol. II, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, New York, 1924.) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TREATY OF PEACE WITH TURKEY SIGNED AT LAUSANNE JULY 24, 1923 THE CONVENTION RESPECTING THE REGIME OF THE STRAITS AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS SIGNED AT LAUSANNE THE BRITISH EMPIRE, FRANCE, ITALY, JAPAN, GREECE, ROUMANIA and the SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE STATE, of the one part, and TURKEY, of the other part; Being united in the desire to bring to a final close the state of war which has existed in the East since 1914, Being anxious to re-establish the relations of friendship and commerce which are essential to the mutual well-being of their respective peoples, And considering that these relations must be based on respect for the independence and sovereignty of States, Have decided to conclude a Treaty for this purpose, and have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries: HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS, EMPEROR OF INDIA: The Right Honourable Sir Horace George Montagu Rumbold, Baronet, G.C.M.G., High Commissioner at Constantinople; THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC: General Maurice Pelle, Ambassador of France, High Com missioner of the Republic in the East, Grand Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour; HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF ITALY: The Honourable Marquis Camillo Garroni, Senator of the Kingdom, Ambassador of Italy, High Commissioner at Constantinople, Grand Cross of the Orders of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, and of the Crown of Italy; M. Giulio Cesare Montagna, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Athens, Commander of the Orders of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, Grand Officer of the Crown of Italy; HIS MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN: Mr. Kentaro Otchiai, Jusammi, First Class of the Order of the Rising Sun, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Rome; HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HELLENES: M. Eleftherios K. Veniselos, formerly President of the Council of Ministers, Grand Cross of the Order of the Saviour; M. Demetrios Caclamanos, Minister Plenipotentiary at London, Commander of the Order of the Saviour; HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF ROUMANIA: M. Constantine I. Diamandy, Minister Plenipotentiary; M. Constantine Contzesco, Minister Plenipotentiary; HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE SERBS, THE CROATS AND THE SLOVENES: Dr. Miloutine Yovanovitch, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Berne; THE GOVERNMENT OF THE GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF TURKEY: Ismet *****, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Deputy for Adrianople; Dr. Riza Nour Bey, Minister for Health and for Public Assistance, Deputy for Sinope; Hassan Bey, formerly Minister, Deputy for Trebizond; Who, having produced their full powers, found in good and due orm, have agreed as follows: PART I. POLITICAL CLAUSES. ARTICLE I. From the coming into force of the present Treaty, the state of peace will be definitely re-established between the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Roumania and the Serb-Croat-Slovene State of the one part, and Turkey of the other part, as well as between their respective nationals. Official relations will be resumed on both sides and, in the respective territories, diplomatic and consular representatives will receive, without prejudice to such agreements as may be concluded in the future, treatment in accordance with the general principles of international law. SECTION I. I. TERRITORIAL CLAUSES. ARTICLE 2. From the Black Sea to the Aegean the frontier of Turkey is laid down as follows: (I) With Bulgaria: From the mouth of the River Rezvaya, to the River Maritza, the point of junction of the three frontiers of Turkey, Bulgaria and Greece: the southern frontier of Bulgaria as at present demarcated; (2) With Greece: Thence to the confluence of the Arda and the Marilza: the course of the Maritza; then upstream along the Arda, up to a point on that river to be determined on the spot in the immediate neighbourhood of the village of Tchorek-Keuy: the course of the Arda; thence in a south-easterly direction up to a point on the Maritza, 1 kilom. below Bosna-Keuy: a roughly straight line leaving in Turkish territory the village of Bosna-Keuy. The village of Tchorek-Keuy shall be assigned to Greece or to Turkey according as the majority of the population shall be found to be Greek or Turkish by the Commission for which provision is made in Article 5, the population which has migrated into this village after the 11th October, 1922, not being taken into account; thence to the Aegean Sea: the course of the Maritza. ARTICLE 3. From the Mediterranean to the frontier of Persia, the frontier of Turkey is laid down as follows: (I ) With Syria: The frontier described in Article 8 of the Franco-Turkish Agreement of the 20th October, 1921 (2) With Iraq: The frontier between Turkey and Iraq shall be laid down in friendly arrangement to be concluded between Turkey and Great Britain within nine months. In the event of no agreement being reached between the two Governments within the time mentioned, the dispute shall be referred to the Council of the League of Nations. The Turkish and British Governments reciprocally undertake that, pending the decision to be reached on the subject of the frontier, no military or other movement shall take place which might modify in any way the present state of the territories of which the final fate will depend upon that decision. ARTICLE 4. The frontiers described by the present Treaty are traced on the one-in-a-million maps attached to the present Treaty. In case of divergence between the text and the map, the text will prevail. [see Introduction.] ARTICLE 5. A Boundary Commission will be appointed to trace on the ground the frontier defined in Article 2 (2). This Commission will be composed of representatives of Greece and of Turkey, each Power appointing one representative, and a president chosen by them from the nationals of a third Power. They shall endeavour in all cases to follow as nearly as possible the descriptions given in the present Treaty, taking into account as far as possible administrative boundaries and local economic interests. The decision of the Commission will be taken by a majority and shall be binding on the parties concerned. The expenses of the Commission shall be borne in equal shares by the parties concerned. ARTICLE 6. In so far as concerns frontiers defined by a waterway as distinct from its banks, the phrases "course" or "channel" used in the descriptions of the present Treaty signify, as regards non-navigable rivers, the median line of the waterway or of its principal branch, and, as regards navigable rivers, the median line of the principal channel of navigation. It will rest with the Boundary Commission to specify whether the frontier line shall follow any changes of the course or channel which may take place, or whether it shall be definitely fixed by the position of the course or channel at the time when the present Treaty comes into force. In the absence of provisions to the contrary, in the present Treaty, islands and islets Iying within three miles of the coast are included within the frontier of the coastal State. ARTICLE 7. The- various States concerned undertake to furnish to the Boundary Commission all documents necessary for its task, especially authentic copies of agreements fixing existing or old frontiers, all large scale maps in existence, geodetic data, surveys completed but unpublished, and information concerning the changes of frontier watercourses. The maps, geodetic data, and surveys, even if unpublished, which are in the possession of the Turkish authorities, must be delivered at Constantinople with the least possible delay from the coming into force of the present Treaty to the President of the Commission. The States concerned also undertake to instruct the local authorities to communicate to the Commission all documents, especially plans, cadastral and land books, and to furnish on demand all details regarding property, existing economic conditions and other necessary information. ARTICLE 8. The various States interested undertake to give every assistance to the Boundary Commission, whether directly or through local authorities, in everything that concerns transport, accommodation, labour, materials (sign posts, boundary pillars) necessary for the accomplishment of its mission. In particular, the Turkish Government undertakes to furnish, if required, the technical personnel necessary to assist the Boundary Commission in the accomplishment of its duties. ARTICLE 9. The various States interested undertake to safeguard the trigonometrical points, signals, posts or frontier marks erected by the Commission. ARTICLE 10. The pillars will be placed so as to be intervisible. They will be numbered, and their position and their number will be noted on a cartographic document. ARTICLE 11. The protocols defining the boundary and the maps and documents attached thereto will be made out in triplicate, of which two copies will be forwarded to the Governments of the limitrophe States, and the third to the Government of the French Republic, which will deliver authentic copies to the Powers who sign the present Treaty. ARTICLE 12. The decision taken on the 13th February, 1914, by the Conference of London, in virtue of Articles 5 of the Treaty of London of the 17th-30th May, 1913, and 15 of the Treaty of Athens of the 1st-14th November, 1913, which decision was communicated to the Greek Government on the 13th February, 1914, regarding the sovereignty of Greece over the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean, other than the islands of Imbros, Tenedos and Rabbit Islands, particularly the islands of Lemnos, Samothrace, Mytilene, Chios, Samos and Nikaria, is confirmed, subject to the provisions of the present Treaty respecting the islands placed under the sovereigntyof Italy which form the subject of Article 15. Except where a provision to the contrary is contained in the present Treaty, the islands situated at less than three miles from the Asiatic coast remain under Turkish sovereignty. ARTICLE 13. With a view to ensuring the maintenance of peace, the Greek Government undertakes to observe the following restrictions in the islands of Mytilene, Chios, Samos and Nikaria: (I) No naval base and no fortification will be established in the said islands. (2) Greek military aircraft will be forbidden to fly over the territory of the Anatolian coast. Reciprocally, the Turkish Government will forbid their military aircraft to fly over the said islands. (3) The Greek military forces in the said islands will be limited to the normal contingent called up for military service, which can be trained on the spot, as well as to a force of gendarmerie and police in proportion to the force of gendarmerie and police existing in the whole of the Greek territory. ARTICLE 14. The islands of Imbros and Tenedos, remaining under Turkish sovereignty, shall enjoy a special administrative organisation composed of local elements and furnishing every guarantee for the native non-Moslem population in so far as concerns local administration and the protection of persons and property. The maintenance of order will be assured therein by a police force recruited from amongst the local population by the local administration above provided for and placed under its orders. The agreements which have been, or may be, concluded between Greece and Turkey relating to the exchange of the Greek and Turkish populations will not be applied to the inhabitants of the islands of Imbros and Tenedos. ARTICLE 15. Turkey renounces in favour of Italy all rights and title over the following islands: Stampalia (Astrapalia), Rhodes (Rhodos), Calki (Kharki), Scarpanto, Casos (Casso), Piscopis (Tilos), Misiros (Nisyros), Calimnos (Kalymnos), Leros, Patmos, Lipsos (Lipso), Simi (Symi), and Cos (Kos), which are now occupied by Italy, and the islets dependent thereon, and also over the island of Castellorizzo. ARTICLE I6. Turkey hereby renounces all rights and title whatsoever over or respecting the territories situated outside the frontiers laid down in the present Treaty and the islands other than those over which her sovereignty is recognised by the said Treaty, the future of these territories and islands being settled or to be settled by the parties concerned. The provisions of the present Article do not prejudice any special arrangements arising from neighbourly relations which have been or may be concluded between Turkey and any limitrophe countries. ARTICLE 17. The renunciation by Turkey of all rights and titles over Egypt and over the Soudan will take effect as from the 5th November, 1914. ARTICLE 18. Turkey is released from all undertakings and obligations in regard to the Ottoman loans guaranteed on the Egyptian tribute, that is to say, the loans of 1855, 1891 and 1894. The annual payments made by Egypt for the service of these loans now forming part of the service of the Egyptian Public Debt, Egypt is freed from all other obligations relating to the Ottoman Public Debt. ARTICLE 19. Any questions arising from the recognition of the State of Egypt shall be settled by agreements to be negotiated subsequently in a manner to be determined later between the Powers concerned. The provisions of the present Treaty relating to territories detached from Turkey under the said Treaty will not apply to Egypt. ARTICLE 20. Turkey hereby recognises the annexation of Cyprus proclaimed by the British Government on the sth November, 1914. ARTICLE 2I . Turkish nationals ordinarily resident in Cyprus on the 5th November, 1914, will acquire British nationality subject to the conditions laid down in the local law, and will thereupon lose their Turkish nationality. They will, however, have the right to opt for Turkish nationality within two years from the coming into force of the present Treaty, provided that they leave Cyprus within twelve months after having so opted. Turkish nationals ordinarily resident in Cyprus on the coming into force of the present Treaty who, at that date, have acquired or are in process of acquiring British nationality in consequence of a request made in accordance with the local law, will also thereupon lose their Turkish nationality. It is understood that the Government of Cyprus will be entitled to refuse British nationality to inhabitants of the island who, being Turkish nationals, had formerly acquired another nationality without the consent of the Turkish Government. ARTICLE 22. Without prejudice to the general stipulations of Article 27, Turkey hereby recognises the definite abolition of all rights and privileges whatsoever which she enjoyed in Libya under the Treaty of Lausanne of the 18th October, 1912, and the instruments connected therewith. 2. SPECIAL PROVISIONS. ARTICLE 23. The High Contracting Parties are agreed to recognise and declare the principle of freedom of transit and of navigation, by sea and by air, in time of peace as in time of war, in the strait of the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmora and the Bosphorus, as prescribed in the separate Convention signed this day, regarding the regime of the Straits. This Convention will have the same force and effect in so far as the present High Contracting Parties are concerned as if it formed part of the present Treaty. ARTICLE 24. The separate Convention signed this day respecting the regime for the frontier described in Article 2 of the present Treaty will have equal force and effect in so far as the present High Contracting Parties are concerned as if it formed part of the present Treaty. ARTICLE 25. Turkey undertakes to recognise the full force of the Treaties of Peace and additional Conventions concluded by the other Contracting Powers with the Powers who fought on the side of Turkey, and to recognise whatever dispositions have been or may be made concerning the territories of the former German Empire, of Austria, of Hungary and of Bulgaria, and to recognise the new States within their frontiers as there laid down. ARTICLE 26. Turkey hereby recognises and accepts the frontiers of Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Roumania, the Serb-Croat-Slovene State and the Czechoslovak State, as these frontiers have been or may be determined by the Treaties referred to in Article 25 or by any supplementary conventions. ARTICLE 27. No power or jurisdiction in political, legislative or administrative matters shall be exercised outside Turkish territory by the Turkish Government or authorities, for any reason whatsoever, over the nationals of a territory placed under the sovereignty or protectorate of the other Powers signatory of the present Treaty, or over the nationals of a territory detached from Turkey. It is understood that the spiritual attributions of the Moslem religious authorities are in no way infringed. ARTICLE 28. Each of the High Contracting Parties hereby accepts, in so far as it is concerned, the complete abolition of the Capitulations in Turkey in every respect. ARTICLE 29. Moroccans, who are French nationals ("ressortissants") and Tunisians shall enjoy in Turkey the same treatment in all respects as other French nationals ("ressortissants"). Natives ("ressortissants") of Libya shall enjoy in Turkey the same treatment in all respects as other Italian nationals ("ressortissants") . The stipulations of the present Article in no way prejudge the nationality of persons of Tunisian, Libyan and Moroccan origin established in Turkey. Reciprocally, in the territories the inhabitants of which benefit by the stipulations of the first and second paragraphs of this Article, Turkish nationals shall benefit by the same treatment as in France and in Italy respectively. The treatment to which merchandise originating in or destined for the territories, the inhabitants of which benefit from the stipulations of the first paragraph of this Article, shall be subject in Turkey, and, reciprocally, the treatment to which merchandise originating in or destined for Turkey shall be subject in the said territories shall be settled by agreement between the French and Turkish Governments. SECTION II . NATIONALITY. ARTICLE 30. Turkish subjects habitually resident in territory which in accordance with the provisions of the present Treaty is detached from Turkey will become ipsofacto, in the conditions laid down by the local law, nationals of the State to which such territory is transferred. ARTICLE 31. Persons over eighteen years of age, losing their Turkish nationality and obtaining ipso facto a new nationality under Article 30, shall be entitled within a period of two years from the coming into force of the present Treaty to opt for Turkish nationality. ARTICLE 32. Persons over eighteen years of age, habitually resident in territory detached from Turkey in accordance with the present Treaty, and differing in race from the majority of the population of such territory shall, within two years from the coming into force of the present Treaty, be entitled to opt for the nationality of one of the States in which the majority of the population is of the same race as the person exercising the right to opt, subject to the consent of that State. ARTICLE 33. Persons who have exercised the right to opt in accordance with the provisions of Articles 31 and 32 must, within the succeeding twelve months, transfer their place of residence to the State for which they have opted. They will be entitled to retain their immovable property in the territory of the other State where they had their place of residence before exercising their right to opt. They may carry with them their movable property of every description. No export or import duties may be imposed upon them in connection with the removal of such property. ARTICLE 34. Subject to any agreements which it may be necessary to conclude between the Governments exercising authority in the countries detached from Turkey and the Governments of the countries where the persons concerned are resident, Turkish nationals of over eighteen years of age who are natives of a territory detached from Turkey under the present Treaty, and who on its coming into force are habitually resident abroad, may opt for the nationality of the territory of which they are natives, if they belong by race to the majority of the population of that territory, and subject to theconsent of the Government exercising authority therein. This right of option must be exercised within two years from the coming into force of the present Treaty. ARTICLE 35. The Contracting Powers undertake to put no hindrance in the way of the exercise of the right which the persons concerned have under the present Treaty, or under the Treaties of Peace concluded with Germany, Austria, Bulgaria or Hungary, or under any Treaty concluded by the said Powers, other than Turkey, or any of them, with Russia, or between themselves, to choose any other nationality which may be open to them. ARTICLE 36. For the purposes of the provisions of this Section, the status of a married woman will be governed by that of her husband, and the status of children under eighteen years of age by that of their parents. SECTION III. PROTECTION OF MINORITIES. ARTICLE 37. Turkey undertakes that the stipulations contained in Articles 38 to 44 shall be recognised as fundamental laws, and that no law, no regulation, nor official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations, nor shall any law, regulation, nor official action prevail over them. ARTICLE 38. The Turkish Government undertakes to assure full and complete protection of life and liberty to ali inhabitants of Turkey without distinction of birth, nationality, language, race or religion. All inhabitants of Turkey shall be entitled to free exercise, whether in public or private, of any creed, religion or belief, the observance of which shall not be incompatible with public order and good morals. Non-Moslem minorities will enjoy full freedom of movement and of emigration, subject to the measures applied, on the whole or on part of the territory, to all Turkish nationals, and which may be taken by the Turkish Government for national defence, or for the maintenance of public order. ARTICLE 39. Turkish nationals belonging to non-Moslem minorities will enjoy the same civil and political rights as Moslems. All the inhabitants of Turkey, without distinction of religion, shall be equal before the law. Differences of religion, creed or confession shall not prejudice any Turkish national in matters relating to the enjoyment of civil or political rights, as, for instance, admission to public employments, functions and honours, or the exercise of professions and industries. No restrictions shall be imposed on the free use by any Turkish national of any language in private intercourse, in commerce, religion, in the press, or in publications of any kind or at public meetings. Notwithstanding the existence of the official language, adequate facilities shall be given to Turkish nationals of non-Turkish speech for the oral use of their own language before the Courts. ARTICLE 40. Turkish nationals belonging to non-Moslem minorities shall enjoy the same treatment and security in law and in fact as other Turkish nationals. In particular, they shall have an equal right to establish, manage and control at their own expense, any charitable, religious and social institutions, any schools and other establishments for instruction and education, with the right to use their own language and to exercise their own religion freely therein. ARTICLE 41. As regards public instruction, the Turkish Government will grant in those towns and districts, where a considerable proportion of non-Moslem nationals are resident, adequate facilities for ensuring that in the primary schools the instruction shall be given to the children of such Turkish nationals through the medium of their own language. This provision will not prevent the Turkish Government from making the teaching of the Turkish language obligatory in the said schools. In towns and districts where there is a considerable proportion of Turkish nationals belonging to non-Moslem minorities, these minorities shall be assured an equitable share in the enjoyment and application of the sums which may be provided out of public funds under the State, municipal or other budgets for educational, religious, or charitable purposes. The sums in question shall be paid to the qualified representatives of the establishments and institutions concerned. ARTICLE 42. The Turkish Government undertakes to take, as regards non-Moslem minorities, in so far as concerns their family law or personal status, measures permitting the settlement of these questions in accordance with the customs of those minorities. These measures will be elaborated by special Commissions composed of representatives of the Turkish Government and of representatives of each of the minorities concerned in equal number. In case of divergence, the Turkish Government and the Council of the League of Nations will appoint in agreement an umpire chosen from amongst European lawyers. The Turkish Government undertakes to grant full protection to the churches, synagogues, cemeteries, and other religious establishments of the above-mentioned minorities. All facilities and authorisation will be granted to the pious foundations, and to the religious and charitable institutions of the said minorities at present existing in Turkey, and the Turkish Government will not refuse, for the formation of new religious and charitable institu- tions, any of the necessary facilities which are guaranteed to other private institutions of that nature. ARTICLE 43. Turkish nationals belonging to non-Moslem minorities shall not be compelled to perform any act which constitutes a violation of their faith or religious observances, and shall not be placed under any disability by reason of their refusal to attend Courts of Law or to perform any legal business on their weekly day of rest. This provision, however, shall not exempt such Turkish nationals from such obligations as shall be imposed upon all other Turkish nationals for the preservation of public order. ARTICLE 44. Turkey agrees that, in so far as the preceding Articles of this Section affect non-Moslem nationals of Turkey, these provisions constitute obligations of international concern and shall be placed under the guarantee of the League of Nations. They shall not be modified without the assent of the majority of the Council of the League of Nations. The British Empire, France, Italy and Japan hereby agree not to withhold their assent to any modification in these Articles which is in due form assented to by a majority of the Council of the League of Nations. Turkey agrees that any Member of the Council of the League of Nations shall have the right to bring to the attention of the Council any infraction or danger of infraction of any of these obligations, and that the Council may thereupon take such action and give such directions as it may deem proper and effective in the circumstances. Turkey further agrees that any difference of opinion as to questions of law or of fact arising out of these Articles between the Turkish Government and any one of the other Signatory Powers or any other Power, a member of the Council of the League of Nations, shall be held to be a dispute of an international character under Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. The Turkish Government hereby consents that any such dispute shall, if the other party thereto demands, be referred to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The decision of the Permanent Court shall be final and shall have the same force and effect as an award under Article 13 of the Covenant. ARTICLE 45. The rights conferred by the provisions of the present Section on the non-Moslem minorities of Turkey will be similarly conferred by Greece on the Moslem minority in her territory. PART II. FINANCIAL CLAUSES. SECTION I. OTTOMAN PUBLIC DEBT. ARTICLE 46. The Ottoman Public Debt, as defined in the Table annexed to the present Section, shall be distributed under the conditions laid down in the present Section between Turkey, the States in favour of which territory has been detached from the Ottoman Empire after the Balkan wars of 1912-13, the States to which the islands referred to in Articles 12 and 15 of the present Treaty and the territory referred to in the last paragraph of the present Article have been attributed, and the States newly created in territories in Asia which are detached from the Ottoman Empire under the present Treaty. All the above St ates shall also participate, under the conditions laid down in the present Section, in the annual charges for the service of the Ottoman Public Debt from the dates referred to in Article 53. From the dates laid down in Article 53, Turkey shall not be held in any way whatsoever responsible for the shares of the Debt for which other States are liable. For the purpose of the distribution of the Ottoman Public Debt, that portion of the territory of Thrace which was under Turkish sovereignty on the 1st August, 1914, and lies outside the boundaries of Turkey as laid down by Article 2 of the present Treaty, shall be deemed to be detached from the Ottoman Empire under the said Treaty. ARTICLE 47. The Council of the Ottoman Public Debt shall, within three months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, determine, on the basis laid down by Articles 50 and 51, the amounts of the annuities for the loans referred to in Part A of the Table annexed to the present Section which are payable by each of the States concerned, and shall notify to them this amount. These States shall be granted an opportunity to send to Constantinople delegates to check the calculations made for this purpose by the Council of the Ottoman Public Debt. The Council of the Debt shall exercise the functions referred to in Article 134 of the Treaty of Peace with Bulgaria of the 27th November, 1919. Any disputes which may arise between the parties concerned as to the application of the principles laid down in the present Article shall be referred, not more than one month after the notification referred to in the first paragraph, to an arbitrator whom the Council of the League of Nations will be asked to appoint; this arbitrator shall give his decision within a period of not more than three months. The remuneration of the arbitrator shall be determined by the Council of the League of Nations, and shall, together with the other expenses of the arbitration, be borne by the parties concerned. The decisions of the arbitrator shall be final. The payment of the annuities shall not be suspended by the reference of any disputes to the above-mentioned arbitrator. ARTICLE 48. The States, other than Turkey, among which the Ottoman Public Debt, as defined in Part A of the Table annexed to this Section is attributed, shall, within three months from the date on which they are notified, in accordance with Article 47, of their respective shares in the annual charges referred to in that Article, assign to the Council of the Debt adequate security for the payment of their share. If such security is not assigned within the above-mentioned period, or in the case of any disagreement as to the adequacy of the security assigned, any of the Governments signatory to the present Treaty shall be entitled to appeal to the Council of the League of Nations. The Council of the League of Nations shall be empowered to entrust the collection of the revenues assigned as security to international financial organisations existing in the countries (other than Turkey) among which the Debt is distributed. The decisions of the Council of the League of Nations shall be final. ARTICLE 49 Within one month from the date of the final determination under Article 47 of the amount of the annuities for which each of the States concerned is liable, a Commission shall meet in Paris to determine the method of carrying out the distribution of the nominal capital of the Ottoman Public Debt as defined in Part A of the Table annexed to this Section. This distribution shall be made in accordance with the proportions adopted for the division of the annuities, and account shall be taken of the terms of the agreements governing the loans and of the provisions of this Section. The Commission referred to in the first paragraph shall consist of a representative of the Turkish Government, a representative of the Council of the Ottoman Public Debt, a representative of the debt other than the Unified Debt and the Lots Turcs; each of the Governments concerned shall also be entitled to appoint a representative. All questions in regard to which the Commission may be unable to reach agreement shall be referred to the arbitrator referred to in the fourth paragraph of Article 47. If Turkey shall decide to create new securities in respect of her share, the distribution of the capital of the Ottoman Public Debt shall be made in the first instance as it affects Turkey by a Committee consisting of the representative of the Turkish Government, the representative of the Council of the Ottoman Public Debt and the representative of the debt other than the Unified Debt and the Lots Turcs. The new securities shall be delivered to the Commission, which shall ensure their delivery to the bondholders upon such terms as will provide for the release of Turkey from liability and the rights of the bondholders towards the other States which are liable for a share of the Ottoman Public Debt. The securities issued in respect of the share of each State in the Ottoman Public Debt shall be exempt in the territory of the High Contracting Parties from all stamp duties or other taxes which would be involved by such issue. The payment of the annuities for which each of the States concerned is liable shall not be postponed as a consequence of the provisions of the present Article in regard to the distribution of the nominal capital. ARTICLE 50. The distribution of the annual charges referred to in Article 47 and of the nominal capital of the Ottoman Public Debt mentioned in Article 49 shall be effected in the following manner: (1) The loans prior to the 17th October, 1912, and the annuities of such loans shall be distributed between the Ottoman Empire as it existed after the Balkan wars of 1912-13, the Balkan States in favour of which territory was detached from the Ottoman Empire after those wars, and the States to which the islands referred to in Articles 12 and 15 of the present Treaty have been attributed; account shall be taken of the territorial changes which have taken place after the coming into force of the treaties which ended those wars or subsequent treaties. (2) The residue of the loans for which the Ottoman Empire remained liable after this first distribution and the residue of the annuities of such loans, together with the loans contracted by that Empire between the 17th October, 1912, and the 1st November, 1914, and the annuities of such loans shall be distributed between Turkey, the newly created States in Asia in favour of which a territory has been detached from the Ottoman Empire under the present Treaty, and the State to which the territory referred to in the last paragraph of Article 46 of the said Treaty has been attributed. The distribution of the capital shall in the case of each loan be based on the capital amount outstanding at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty. ARTICLE 51 . The amount of the share in the annual charges of the Ottoman Public Debt for which each State concerned is liable in conse- quence of the distribution provided for by Article 50 shall be determined as follows: (I) As regards the distribution provided for by Article 50 (1), in the first place the share of the islands referred to in Articles 12 and 15 and of the territories detached from the Ottoman Empire after the Balkan wars, taken together, shall be fixed. The amount of this share shall bear the same proportion to the total sum of the annuities to be distributed in accordance with Article 50 (1) as the average total revenue of the above mentioned islands and territories, taken as a whole, bore to the average total revenue of the Ottoman Empire in the financial years 1910-1911 and 1911-1912, including the proceeds of the customs surtaxes established in 1907. The amount thus determined shall then be distributed among the States to which the territories referred to in the preceding paragraph have been attributed, and the share for which each of these States will thus be made liable shall bear the same proportion to the total amount so distributed as the average total revenue of the territory attributed to each State bore in the financial years 1910-11 and 1911-12 to the average total revenue of the territories detached from the Ottoman Empire after the Balkan Wars and the islands referred to in Articles 12 and 15. In calculating the revenues referred to in this paragraph, customs revenues shall be excluded. (2) As regards the territories detached from the Ottoman Empire under the present Treaty (including the territory referred to in the last paragraph of Article 46), the amount of the share of each State concerned shall bear the same proportion to the total sum of the annuities to be distributed in accordance with Article 50 (2) as the average total revenue of the detached territory (including the proceeds of the Customs surtax established in 1907) for the financial years 1910-11 and 1911-12 bore to the average total revenue of the Ottoman Empire, excluding the territories and islands referred to in paragraph (I) of this Article. ARTICLE 52. The advances referred to in Part B of the Table annexed to the present Section shall be distributed between Turkey and the other States referred to in Article 46 under the following conditions: (I) As regards the advances referred to in the Table which existed on the 17th October, 1912, the capital amount, if any, outstanding at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty, together with the interest from the dates mentioned in the first paragraph of Article 53 and the repayments made since those dates, shall be distributed in accordance with the provisions of Article 50 (I) and Article 51 (1). (2) As regards the amounts for which the Ottoman Empire remains liable after the first distribution and the advances referred to in the Table which were contracted by the said Empire between the 17th October, 1912, and the 1st November, 1914, the capital amount, if any, outstanding at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty, together with the interest from the 1st March, 1920, and the repayments made since that date, shall be distributed in accordance with the provisions of Article 50 (2) and Article 51 (2). The Council of the Ottoman Public Debt shall, within three months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, determine the amount of the share in these advances for which each of the States concerned is liable, and notify them of such amount. The sums for which States other than Turkey are liable shall be paid by those States to the Council of the Debt and shall be paid by the Council to the creditors, or credited to the Turkish Government up to the amount paid by Turkey, by way of interest or repayment, for the account of those States. The payments referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be made by five equal annuities from the coming into force of the present Treaty. Such portion of these payments as is payable to the creditors of the Ottoman Empire shall bear interest at the rates laid down in the contracts governing the advances; the portion to be credited to the Turkish Government shall be paid without interest. ARTICLE 53. The annuities for the service of the loans of the Ottoman Public Debt (as defined in Part A of the Table annexed to this Section) due by the States in favour of which a territory has been detached from the Ottoman Empire after the Balkan wars, shall be payable as from the coming into force of the treaties by which the respective territories were transferred to those States. In the case of the islands referred to in Article 12, the annuity shall be payable as from the 1st/14th November, 1913, and, in the case of the islands referred to in Article 15, as from the 17th October, 1912. The annuities due by the States newly created in territories in Asia detached from the Ottoman Empire under the present Treaty, and by the State to which the territory referred to in the last paragraph of Article 46 has been attributed, shall be payable as from the 1st March, 1920. ARTICLE 54. The Treasury Bills of 1911, 1912 and 1913 included in Part A of the Table annexed to this Section shall be repaid, with interest at the agreed rate, within ten years from the dates fixed by the contracts. ARTICLE 55. The States referred to in Article 46, including Turkey, shall pay to the Ottoman Debt Council the amount of the annuities required for the service of their share of the Ottoman Public Debt (as defined in Part A of the Table annexed to this Section) to the extent that such annuities have remained unpaid as from the dates laid down by Article 53. This payment shall be made, without interest, by means of twenty equal annuities from the coming into force of the present Treaty. The amount of the annuities paid to the Council of the Debt by the States other than Turkey shall, to the extent that they represent payments made by Turkey for the account of those States, be credited to Turkey on account of the arrears with which she is debited. ARTICLE 56. The Council of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt shall no longer include delegates of the German, Austrian and Hungarian bondholders. ARTICLE 57. Limits of time fixed for the presentation of coupons of or claims for interest upon the loans and advances of the Ottoman Public Debt and the Turkish Loans of 1855, 1891 and 1894 secured on the Egyptian tribute, and the limits of time fixed for the presentation of securities of these loans drawn for repayment, shall, on the territory of the High Contracting Parties, be considered as having been suspended from the 29th October, 1914, until three months after the coming into force of the present Treaty. ANNEX I TO SECTION I. Table of the Ottoman Pre-War Public Debt (November 1, 1914). Part A. ...................... Date of ................Date of Re-....... Loan...................Contract ...Interest....demption.....Bank of Issue .1.......................2............3........... 4..............5... ..................................... %................ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Unified Debt........1-14.9.1903--.....4........8-21.6.1906.............. Lots turcs.............5.1.1870.................... Osmanie............18-30.4.1890.......4......1931...Imperial Ottoman Bank Tombac priority...26.4-8.5.1893.......4......1954...Imperial Ottoman Bank 40,000,000fr (Oriental Railways)....I-13.3.1894....4......1957...Deutsche Bank ....................................................and its group, ....................................................Including International ....................................................Bank and two French ....................................................banks. 5%, 1896............29.2-12.3.1896....5......1946...Imperial Ottoman Bank Customs, 1902.........17-29.5.1886-...4......1958...Imperial Ottoman Bank ..................................28.9-11.10.1902............... 4%, 1903 (Fisheries)..3.10.1888-21.2-.4......1958...Deutsche Bank .........................................6.3.1903. Bagdad, Series 1......20.2-5.3.1903...4......2001...Deutsche Bank 4%, 1904................4-17.9.1903...4......1960...Imperial Ottoman Bank 4%, 1901-1905.......21.11-4.12.1901-..4......1961...Imperial Ottoman Bank ........................................6.11.1903-25.4- .........................................8.5.1905 Tedjhizat-Askerie.......4-17.4.1905...4......1961...Deutsche Bank Bagdad, Series II.....20.5-2.6.1908...4......2006...Deutsche Bank Bagdad, Series III....20.5-2.6.1908...4......2010...Deutsche Bank 4%, 1908.................6-19.9.1908..4......1965...Imperial Ottoman Bank 4%, 1909.............30.9-13.10.1909..4......1950...Imperial Ottoman Bank Soma-Panderma........20.11-3.12.1910..4......1992...Imperial Ottoman Bank Hodeida-Sanaa.........24.2-9.3.1911...4......2006...Banque francaise Customs 1911.........27.10-9.11.1910..4......1952...Deutsche Bank .....................,,.............................and its group Plain of Koniah............5-18.1913.........1932..... irrigation Docks, arsenals......19.11-2 12.1913..5 1/2..1943..... and naval constructions 5%, 1914................13-26.4.1914..5.....(1962)..Imperial Ottoman Bank Avance Regie................4.8.1913................... des Tabacs Treasury Bills,............13-7.1911..5......1916*..National Bank 5% 1911 (purchase of warships)......................of Turkey Treasury Bills,Imperial 8.21.11.1912..6......1915*..Imperial ....................................................Ottoman Bank Treasury Bills,........19.1-1.2.1913..5......1918*..Perier 1913 (induding the bills issued directly) ..........and Co. --------------------------------------------------- *See Article 54. Part B. ...........................Date...........................Original Nominal Advance.................of Contract...........Interest....Capital L T. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Bagdad Railway Company.....3/16 June, 1908.......7........300,000 Lighthouse Administration..5/18 August, 1904.....8.........55,000 Lighthouse Administration..5/18 July, 1907.......7........300,000 Constanza Cable Company....27/9 October, 1904....4.........17,335 Tunnel Company..............................................3,000 Orphan's Fund..............Various dates..................153,147 Deutsche Bank..............13/26 August, 1912...5.5........33,000 Lighthouse Administration..3/16 April, 1913......7........500,000 Anatolia Railway Company...23/5 March, 1914......6........200,000 SECTION II. MISCELLANEOUS CLAUSES. ARTICLE 58. Turkey, on the one hand, and the other Contracting Powers (except Greece) on the other hand, reciprocally renounce all pecuniary claims for the loss and damage suffered respectively by Turkey and the said Powers and by their nationals (including juridical persons) between the 1st August, 1914, and the coming into force of the present Treaty, as the result of acts of war or measures of requisition, sequestration, disposal or confiscation. Nevertheless, the above provisions are without prejudice to the provisions of Part III (Economic Clauses) of the present Treaty. Turkey renounces in favour of the other Contracting Parties (except Greece) any right in the sums in gold transferred by Germany and Austria under Article 259 (I) of the Treaty of Peace of the 28th June, I9I9, with Germany, and under Article 210 (I) of the Treaty of Peace of the 10th September, 1919, with Austria. The Council of the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt is freed from all liability to make the payments which it was required to make by the Agreement of the 20th June, 1331 (3rd July, 1915) relating to the first issue of Turkish currency notes or by the words inscribed on the back of such notes. Turkey also agrees not to claim from the British Government or its nationals the repayment of the sums paid for the warships ordered in England by the Ottoman Government which were requisitioned by the British Government in 1914, and renounces all claims in the matter. ARTICLE 59. Greece recognises her obligation to make reparation for the damage caused in Anatolia by the acts of the Greek army or administration which were contrary to the laws of war. On the other hand, Turkey, in consideration of the financial situation of Greece resulting from the prolongation of the war and from its consequences, finally renounces all claims for reparation against the Greek Government. ARTICLE 60. The States in favour of which territory was or is detached from the Ottoman Empire after the Balkan wars or by the present Treaty shall acquire, without payment, all the property and possessions of the Ottoman Empire situated therein. It is understood that the property and possessions of which the transfer from the Civil List to the State was laid down by the Irades of the 26th August, 1324 (8th September, I908) and the 20th April, 1325 (2nd May, I909), and also those which, on the 30th October, 1918, were administered by the Civil List for the benefit of a public service, are included among the property and possessions referred to in the preceding paragraph, the aforesaid States being subrogated to the Ottoman Empire in regard to the property and possessions in question. The Wakfs created on such property shall be maintained. The dispute which has arisen between the Greek and Turkish Governments relating to property and possessions which have passed from the Civil List to the State and are situated in territories of the former Ottoman Empire transferred to Greece either after the Balkan wars, or subsequently, shall be referred to an arbitral tribunal at The Hague, in accordance with the special protocol No. 2 annexed to the Treaty of Athens of the 1st-4th November, 1913. The terms of reference shall be settled between the two Governments. The provisions of this Article will not modify the juridical nature of the property and possessions registered in the name of the Civil List or administered by it, which are not referred to in the second and third paragraphs above. ARTICLE 61. The recipients of Turkish civil and military pensions who acquire under the present Treaty the nationality of a State other than Turkey, shall have no claim against the Turkish Government in respect of their pensions. ARTICLE 62. Turkey recognises the transfer of any claims to payment or repayment which Germany, Austria, Bulgaria or Hungary may have against her, in accordance with Article 261 of the Treaty of Peace concluded at Versailles on the 28th June, 1919, with Germany, and the corresponding articles of the Treaties of Peace of the l0th September, 1919, with Austria; of the 27th November, 1919, with Bulgaria; and of the 4th June, 1920 with Hungary. The other Contracting Powers agree to release Turkey from the debts for which she is liable on this account. The claims which Turkey has against Germany, Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary, are also transferred to the aforesaid Contracting Powers. ARTICLE 63. The Turkish Government, in agreement with the other Contracting Powers, hereby releases the German Government from the obligation incurred by it during the war to accept Turkish Government currency notes at a specified rate of exchange in payment for goods to be exported to Turkey from Germany after the war. PART III. ECONOMIC CLAUSES. ARTICLE 64. In this part, the expression "Allied Powers" means the Contracting Powers other than Turkey. The term "Allied nationals" includes physical persons, companies and associations of the Contracting Powers other than Turkey, or of a State or territory under the protection of one of the said Powers. The provisions of this Part relating to "Allied nationals" shall benefit persons who without having the nationality of one of the Allied Powers, have, in consequence of the protection which they in fact enjoyed at the hands of these Powers, received from the Ottoman authorities the same treatment as Allied nationals and have, on this account, been prejudiced. SECTION I. PROPERTY, RIGHTS AND INTERESTS. ARTICLE 65. Property, rights and interests which still exist and can be identified in territories remaining Turkish at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty, and which belong to persons who on the 29th October, 1914, were Allied nationals, shall be immediately restored to the owners in their existing state. Reciprocally, property, rights and interests which still exist and can be identified in territories subject to the sovereignty or protectorate of the Allied Powers on the 29th October, 1914, or in territories detached from the Ottoman Empire after the Balkan wars and subject to-day to the sovereignty of any such Power, and which belong to Turkish nationals, shall be immediately restored to the owners in their existing state. The same provision shall apply to property, rights and interests which belong to Turkish nationals in territories detached from the Ottoman Empire under the present Treaty, and which may have been subjected to liquidation or any other exceptional measure whatever on the part of the authorities of the Allied Powers. All property, rights and interests situated in territory detached from the Ottoman Empire under the present Treaty, which, after having been subjected by the Ottoman Government to an exceptional war measure, are now in the hands of the Contracting Power exercising authority over the said territory, and which can be identified, shall be restored to their legitimate owners, in their existing state. The same provision shall apply to immovable property which may have been liquidated by the Contracting Power exercising authority over the said territory. All other claims between individuals shall be submitted to the competent local courts. All disputes relating to the identity or the restitution of property to which a claim is made shall be submitted to the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for in Section V of this Part. ARTICLE 66. In order to give effect to the provisions of the first and second paragraphs of Article 65 the High Contracting Parties will, by the most rapid procedure, restore the owners to the possession of their property, rights and interests free from any burdens or encumbrances with which such property, rights and interests may have been charged without the consent of the said owners. It will be the duty of the Government of the Power effecting the restitution to provide for the compensation of third parties who may have acquired the property directly or indirectly from the said Government and who may be injured by this restitution. Disputes which may arise in connection with such compensation shall be dealt with by the ordinary courts. In all other cases it will be open to any third parties who may be injured to take action against whoever is responsible, in order to obtain compensation. In order to give effect to these provisions all acts of transfer or other exceptional war measures, which the High Contracting Parties may have carried out in respect of enemy property, rights and interests, shall be immediately cancelled and stayed when liquidation has not yet been completed. Owners who make claims shall be satisfied by the immediate restitution of their property, rights and interests as soon as these shall have been identified. When at the date of the signature of the present Treaty the property, rights and interests, the restitution of which is provided for in Article 65. have been liquidated by the authorities of one of the High Contracting Parties, that Party shall be discharged from the obligation to restore the said property, rights and interests by payment of the proceeds of the liquidation to the owner. If, on application being made by the owner, the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal provided for by Section V finds that the liquidation was not effected in such conditions as to ensure the realisation of a fair price, it will have the power, in default of agreement between the parties, to order the addition to the proceeds of the liquidation of such amount as it shall consider equitable. The said property, rights and interests shall be restored if the payment is not made within two months from the agreement with the owner or from the decision of the Mixed Arbitral Tribunal mentioned above. ARTICLE 67. Greece, Roumania and the Serb-Croat-Slovene State on the one hand, and Turkey on the other hand undertake mutually to facilitate, both by appropriate administrative measures and by the delivery of all documents relating thereto, the search on their territory for, and the restitution of, movable property of every kind taken away, seized or sequestrated by their armies or administrations in the territory of Turkey, or in the territory of Greece, Roumania or the Serb-Croat-Slovene State respectively, which are actually within the territories in question. Such search and restitution will take place also as regards property of the nature referred to above seized or sequestrated by German, Austro-Hungarian or Bulgarian armies or administrations in the territory of Greece, Roumania or the Serb-Croat-Slovene State, which has been assigned to Turkey or to her nationals, as well as to property seized or sequestrated by the Greek, Roumanian or Serbian armies in Turkish territory, which has been assigned to Greece, Roumania or the Serb-Croat-Slovene State or to their nationals. Applications relating to such search and restitution must be made within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty. ARTICLE 68. Debts arising out of contracts concluded, in districts in Turkey occupied by the Greek army, between the Greek authorities and administrations on the one hand and Turkish nationals on the other, shall be paid by the Greek Government in accordance with the provisions of the said contracts. ARTICLE 69. No charge, tax or surtax to which, by virtue of the privileges which they enjoyed on the 1st August, 1914, Allied nationals and their property were not subject, shall be collected from Al

Treaty of Peace Between The Allied & Associated Powers and Turkey Signed at Sevres - August 10, 1920 Note: Includes Peace Treaty of Versailles 28 June, 1919. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Treaty of Sevres, 1920 (from: The Treaties of Peace 1919-1923, Vol. II, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, New York, 1924.) Section I, Articles 1-260 THE TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS AND TURKEY SIGNED AT SEVRES AUGUST 10, 1920 THE BRITISH EMPIRE, FRANCE, ITALY AND JAPAN, These Powers being described in the present Treaty as the Principal Allied Powers; ARMENIA, BELGIUM, GREECE, THE HEDJAZ, POLAND, PORTUGAL, ROUMANIA, THE SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE STATE AND CZECHO-SLOVAKIA, These Powers constituting, with the Principal Powers mentioned above, the Allied Powers, of the one part; AND TURKEY, of the other part; Whereas on the request of the Imperial Ottoman Government an Armistice was granted to Turkey on October 30, 1918, by the Principal Allied Powers in order that a Treaty of Peace might be concluded, and Whereas the Allied Powers are equally desirous that the war in which certain among them were successively involved, directly or indirectly, against Turkey, and which originated in the declaration of war against Serbia on July 28, I914, by the former Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Government, and in the hostilities opened by Turkey against the Allied Powers on October 29, 1914, and conducted by Germany in alliance with Turkey, should be replaced by a firm, just and durable Peace, For this purpose the HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries: HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND TIIE SEAS, EMPEROR OF INDIA: Sir George Dixon GRAHAME, K. C. V. O., Minister Plenipotentiary of His Britannic Majesty at Paris; for the DOMINION of CANADA: The Honourable Sir George Halsey PERLEY, K.C. M. G High Commissioner for Canada in the United Kingdom; for the COMMONWEALTH of AUSTRALIA: The Right Honourable Andrew FISHER, High Commissioner for Australia in the United Kingdom; for the DOMINION of NEW ZEALAND: Sir George Dixon GRAHAME, K. C. V. O., Minister Plenipotentiary of His Britannic Majesty at Paris; for the UNION of SOUTH AFRICA: Mr. Reginald Andrew BLANKENBERG, O. B. E., Acting High Commissioner for the Union of South Africa in the United Kingdom; for INDIA: Sir Arthur HIRTZEL, K. C. B., Assistant Under Secretary of State for India; THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC: Mr. Alexandre MILLERAND, President of the Council, Minister for Foreign Affairs Mr. Frederic FRANCOIS-MARSAL, Minister of Finance Mr. Auguste Paul-Louis ISAAC, Minister of Commerce and Industry; Mr. Jules CAMBON, Ambassador of France Mr. Georges Maurice PALEOLOGUE, Ambassador of France, Secretary-General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Hls MAJESTY THE KING OF ITALY: Count LELIO BONIN LONGARE, Senator of the Kingdom Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of Italy at Paris General Giovanni MARIETTI, Italian Military Representative on the Supreme War Council; Hls MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN: Viscount CHINDA, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of H. M. the Emperor of Japan at London; Mr. K. MATSUI, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of H. M. the Emperor of Japan at Paris; ARMENIA: Mr. Avetis AHARONIAN, President of the Delegation of the Armenian Republic; HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS: Mr. Jules VAN DEN HEUVEL, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Minister of State; Mr. ROLIN JAEQUEMYNS, Member of the Institute of Private International Law, Secretary-General of the Belgian Delegation; HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HELLENES: Mr. Eleftherios K. VENIZELOS, President of the Council of Ministers; Mr. Athos ROMANOS, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of the Hellenes at Paris; HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HEDJAZ: THE PRESIDENT OF THE POLISH REPUBLIC: Count Maurice ZAMOYSKI, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Polish Republic at Paris; Mr. Erasme PILTZ; THE PRESIDENT OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC: Dr. Affonso da COSTA, formerly President of the Council of Ministers; His MAJESTY THE KING OF ROUMANIA: Mr. Nicolae TITULESCU, Minister of Finance; Prince DIMITRIE GHIKA, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of Roumania at Paris; Hls MAJESTY THE KING OF THE SERBS, THE CROATS AND THE SLOVENES: Mr. Nicolas P. PACHITCH, formerly President of the Council of Ministers; Mr. Ante TRUMBIC, Minister for Foreign Affairs; THE PRESIDENT OF THE CZECHO-SLOVAK REPUBLIC: Mr. Edward BENES, Minister for Foreign Affairs; Mr. Stephen OSUSKY, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Czecho-Slovak Republic at London; TURKEY: General HAADI *****, Senator; RIZA TEVFIK Bey, Senator; RECHAD HALISS Bey, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Turkey at Berne; WHO, having communicated their full powers, found in good and due form, have AGREED AS FOLLOWS: From the coming into force of the present Treaty the state of war will terminate. From that moment and subject to the provisions of the present Treaty, officiai relations will exist between the Allied Powers and Turkey. PART I. THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. ARTICLES 1 TO 26 AND ANNEX See Part I, Treaty of Versailles, Pages 10-23. [ Groong Note: We include this reference to the Versailles Treaty in the Sevres Treaty here, in indented form, as it is an integral and legally binding part of the treaty. ] Peace Treaty of Versailles 28 June, 1919 Articles 1 - 26 and Annex The Covenant of the League of Nations ------------------------------------------------------------------------ THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, In order to promote international co- operation and to achieve international peace and security by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war by the prescription of open, just and honourable relations between nations by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organised peoples with one another Agree to this Covenant of the League of Nations. ARTICLE 1. The original Members of the League of Nations shall be those of the Signatories which are named in the Annex to this Covenant and also such of those other States named in the Annex as shall accede without reservation to this Covenant. Such accession shall be effected by a Declaration deposited with the Secretariat within two months of the coming into force of the Covenant Notice thereof shall be sent to all other Members of the League. Any fully self- governing State, Dominion, or Colony not named in the Annex may become a Member of the League if its admission is agreed to by two- thirds of the Assembly provided that it shall give effective guarantees of its sincere intention to observe its international obligations, and shall accept such regulations as may be prescribed by the League in regard to its military, naval, and air forces and armaments. Any Member of the League may, after two years' notice of its intention so to do, withdraw from the League, provided that all its international obligations and all its obligations under this Covenant shall have been fulfilled at the time of its withdrawal. ARTICLE 2. The action of the League under this Covenant shall be effected through the instrumentality of an Assembly and of a Council, with a permanent Secretariat. ARTICLE 3. The Assembly shall consist of Representatives of the Members of the League. The Assembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time to time as occasion may require at the Seat of the League or at such other place as may be decided upon. The Assembly may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world. At meetings of the Assembly each Member of the League shall have one vote, and may not have more than three Representatives. ARTICLE 4. The Council shall consist of Representatives of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, together with Representatives of four other Members of the League. These four Members of the League shall be selected by the Assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until the appointment of the Representatives of the four Members of the League first selected by the Assembly, Representatives of Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Greece shall be members of the Council. With the approval of the majority of the Assembly, the Council may name additional Members of the League whose Representatives shall always be members of the Council; the Council with like approval may increase the number of Members of the League to be selected by the Assembly for representation on the Council. The Council shall meet from time to time as occasion may require, and at least once a year, at the Seat of the League, or at such other place as may be decided upon. The Council may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world. Any Member of the League not represented on the Council shall be invited to send a Representative to sit as a member at any meeting of the Council during the consideration of matters specially affecting the interests of that Member of the League. At meetings of the Council, each Member of the League represented on the Council shall have one vote, and may have not more than one Representative. ARTICLE 5. Except where otherwise expressly provided in this Covenant or by the terms of the present Treaty, decisions at any meeting of the Assembly or of the Council shall require the agreement of all the Members of the League represented at the meeting. All matters of procedure at meetings of the Assembly or of the Council, including the appointment of Committees to investigate particular matters, shall be regulated by the Assembly or by the Council and may be decided by a majority of the Members of the League represented at the meeting. The first meeting of the Assembly and the first meeting of the Council shall be summoned by the President of the United States of America. ARTICLE 6. The permanent Secretariat shall be established at the Seat of the League. The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary General and such secretaries and staff as may be required. The first Secretary General shall be the person named in the Annex; thereafter the Secretary General shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the majority of the Assembly. The secretaries and staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Secretary General with the approval of the Council. The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all meetings of the Assembly and of the Council. The expenses of the Secretariat shall be borne by the Members of the League in accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union. ARTICLE 7. The Seat of the League is established at Geneva. The Council may at any time decide that the Seat of the League shall be established elsewhere. All positions under or in connection with the League, including he Secretariat, shall be open equally to men and women. Representatives of the Members of the League and officials of he League when engaged on the business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities. The buildings and other property occupied by the League or its officials or by Representatives attending its meetings shall be inviolable. ARTICLE 8. The Members of the League recognise that the maintenance of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations. The Council, taking account of the geographical situation and circumstances of each State, shall formulate plans for such reduction for the consideration and action of the several Governments. Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every ten years. After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, the limits of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the concurrence of the Council. The Members of the League agree that the manufacture by private enterprise of munitions and implements of war is open to grave objections. The Council shall advise how the evil effects attendant upon such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the necessities of those Members of the League which are not able to manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary for their safety. The Members of the League undertake to interchange full and frank information as to the scale of their armaments, their military, naval, and air programmes and the condition of such of their industries as are adaptable to war-like purposes. ARTICLE 9. A permanent Commission shall be constituted to advise the Council on the execution of the provisions of Articles 1 and 8 and on military, naval, and air questions generally. ARTICLE 10. The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled. ARTICLE 11. Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the Members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations. In case any such emergency should arise the Secretary General shall on the request of any Member of the League forthwith summon a meeting of the Council. It is also declared to be the friendly right of each Member of the League to bring to the attention of the Assembly or of the Council any circumstance whatever affecting international relations which threatens to disturb international peace or the good understanding between nations upon which peace depends. ARTICLE 12. The Members of the League agree that if there should arise between them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will submit the matter either to arbitration or to inquiry by the Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the award by the arbitrators or the report by the Council. In any case under this Article the award of the arbitrators shall be made within a reasonable time, and the report of the Council shall be made within six months after the submission of the dispute. ARTICLE 13. The Members of the League agree that whenever any dispute shall arise between them which they recognise to be suitable for submission to arbitration and which cannot be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy, they will submit the whole subject-matter to arbitration. Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of international law, as to the existence of any fact which if established would constitute a breach of any international obligation, or as to the extent and nature of the reparation to be made or any such breach, are declared to be among those which are generally suitable for submission to arbitration. For the consideration of any such dispute the court of arbitration to which the case is referred shall be the Court agreed on by the parties to the dispute or stipulated in any convention existing between them. The Members of the League agree that they will carry out in full good faith any award that may be rendered, and that they will not resort to war against a Member of the League which complies therewith. In the event of any failure to carry out such an award, the Council shall propose what steps should be taken to give effect thereto. ARTICLE 14. The Council shall formulate and submit to the Members of the League for adoption plans for the establishment of a Permanent Court of International Justice. The Court shall be competent to hear and determine any dispute of an international character which the parties thereto submit to it. The Court may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or by the Assembly. ARTICLE 15. If there should arise between Members of the League any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, which is not submitted to arbitration in accordance with Article 13, the Members of the League agree that they will submit the matter to the Council. Any party to the dispute may effect such submission by giving notice of the existence of the dispute to the Secretary General, who will make all necessary arrangements for a full investigation and consideration thereof. For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicate to the Secretary General, as promptly as possible, statements of their case with all the relevant facts and papers, and the Council may forthwith direct the publication thereof. The Council shall endeavour to effect a settlement of the dispute, and if such efforts are successful, a statement shall be made public giving such facts and explanations regarding the dispute and the terms of settlement thereof as the Council may deem appropriate. If the dispute is not thus settled, the Council either unanimously or by a majority vote shall make and publish a report containing a statement of the facts of the dispute and the recommendations which are deemed just and proper in regard thereto Any Member of the League represented on the Council may make public a statement of the facts of the dispute and of its conclusions regarding the same. If a report by the Council is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League agree that they will not go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with the recommendations of the report. If the Council fails to reach a report which is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof, other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League reserve to themselves the right to take such action as they shall consider necessary for the maintenance of right and justice. If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is found by the Council, to arise out of a matter which by international law is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the Council shall so report, and shall make no recommendation as to its settlement. The Council may in any case under this Article refer the dispute to the Assembly. The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either party to the dispute, provided that such request be made within fourteen days after the submission of the dispute to the Council. In any case referred to the Assembly, all the provisions of this Article and of Article 12 relating to the action and powers of the Council shall apply to the action and powers of the Assembly, provided that a report made by the Assembly, if concurred in by the Representatives of those Members of the League represented on the Council and of a majority of the other Members of the League, exclusive in each case of the Representatives of the parties to the dispute shall have the same force as a report by the Council concurred in by all the members thereof other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute. ARTICLE 16. Should any Member of the League resort to war in disregard of its covenants under Articles 12, 13, or 15, it shall ipso facto be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other Members of the League, which hereby undertake immediately to subject it to the severance of all trade or financial relations, the prohibition of all intercourse between their nations and the nationals of the covenant-breaking State, and the prevention of all financial, commercial, or personal intercourse between the nationals of the covenant-breaking State and the nationals of any other State, whether a Member of the League or not. It shall be the duty of the Council in such case to recommend to the several Governments concerned what effective military, naval, or air force the Members of the League shall severally contribute to the armed forces to be used to protect the covenants of the League. The Members of the League agree, further, that they will mutually support one another in the financial and economic measures which are taken under this Article, in order to minimise the loss and inconvenience resulting from the above measures, and that they will mutually support one another in resisting any special measures aimed at one of their number by the covenant breaking State, and that they will take the necessary steps to afford passage through their territory to the forces of any of the Members of the League which are co-operating to protect the covenants of the League. Any Member of the League which has violated any covenant of the League may be declared to be no longer a Member of the League by a vote of the Council concurred in by the Representatives of all the other Members of the League represented thereon. ARTICLE 17. In the event of a dispute between a Member of the League and a State which is not a Member of the League, or between States not Members of the League, the State or States, not Members of the League shall be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, upon such conditions as the Council may deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the provisions of Articles 12 to 16 inclusive shall be applied with such modifications as may be deemed necessary by the Council. Upon such invitation being given the Council shall immediately institute an inquiry into the circumstances of the dispute and recommend such action as may seem best and most effectual in the circumstances. If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, and shall resort to war against a Member of the League, the provisions of Article 16 shall be applicable as against the State taking such action. If both parties to the dispute when so invited refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purpose of such dispute, the Council may take such measures and make such recommendations as will prevent hostilities and will result in the settlement of the dispute. ARTICLE 18. Every treaty or international engagement entered into hereafter by any Member of the League shall be forthwith registered with the Secretariat and shall as soon as possible be published by it. No such treaty or international engagement shall be binding until so registered. ARTICLE 19. The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsideration by Members of the League of treaties which have become inapplicable and the consideration of international conditions whose continuance might endanger the peace of the world. ARTICLE 20. The Members of the League severally agree that this Covenant is accepted as abrogating all obligations or understandings inter se which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly undertake that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements inconsistent with the terms thereof. In case any Member of the League shall, before becoming a Member of the League, have undertaken any obligations inconsistent with the terms of this Covenant, it shall be the duty of such Member to take immediate steps to procure its release from such obligations. ARTICLE 21. Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity of international engagements, such as treaties of arbitration or regional understandings like the Monroe doctrine, for securing the maintenance of peace. ARTICLE 22. To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilisation and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant. The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League. The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the development of the people, the geographical situation of the territory, its economic conditions, and other similar circumstances. Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognised subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory. Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic, and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training of the natives for other than police purposes and the defence of territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other Members of the League. There are territories, such as South-West Africa and certain of the South Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of civilisation, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population. In every case of mandate, the Mandatory shall render to the Council an annual report in reference to the territory committed to its charge. The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exercised by the Mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by the Members of the League, be explicitly defined in each case by the Council. A permanent Commission shall be constituted to receive and examine the annual reports of the Mandatories and to advise the Council on all matters relating to the observance of the mandates. ARTICLE 23. Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the Members of the League: (a) will endeavour to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labour for men, women, and children, both in their own countries and in all countries to which their commercial and industrial relations extend, and for that purpose will establish and maintain the necessary international organisations; ( undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control; =A9 will entrust the League with the general supervision over the execution of agreements with regard to the traffic in women and children, and the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs; (d) will entrust the League with the general supervision of the trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which the control of this traffic is necessary in the common interest; (e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of communications and of transit and equitable treatment for the commerce of all Members of the League. In this connection, the special necessities of the regions devastated during the war of 1914-1918 shall be borne in mind; (f) will endeavour to take steps in matters of international concern for the prevention and control of disease. ARTICLE 24. There shall be placed under the direction of the League all international bureaux already established by general treaties if the parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaux and all commissions for the regulation of matters of international interest hereafter constituted shall be placed under the direction of the League. In all matters of international interest which are regulated by general conventions but which are not placed under the control of international bureaux or commissions, the Secretariat of the League shall, subject to the consent of the Council and if desired by the parties, collect and distribute all relevant information and shall render any other assistance which may be necessary or desirable. The Council may include as part of the expenses of the Secretariat the expenses of any bureau or commission which is placed under the direction of the League. ARTICLE 25. The Members of the League agree to encourage and promote the establishment and co-operation of duly authorised voluntary national Red Cross organisations having as purposes the improvement of health, the prevention of disease, and the mitigation of suffering throughout the world. ARTICLE 26. Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Members of the League whose representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Assembly. No such amendment shall bind any Member of the League which signifies its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a Member of the League. ANNEX. I. ORIGINAL MEMBERS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS SIGNATORIES OF THE TREATY OF PEACE. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, BELGIUM, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, BRITISH EMPIRE, CANADA, AUSTRALIA, SOUTH AFRICA, NEW ZEALAND, INDIA, CHINA, CUBA, ECUADOR, FRANCE, GREECE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HEDJAZ, HONDURAS, ITALY, JAPAN, LIBERIA, NICARAGUA, PANAMA, PERU, POLAND, PORTUGAL, ROUMANIA, SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE STATE, SIAM, CZECHO-SLOVAKIA, URUGUAY STATES INVITED TO ACCEDE TO THE COVENANT. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, CHILE, COLOMBIA, DENMARK, NETHERLANDS, NORWAY, PARAGUAY, PERSIA, SALVADOR, SPAIN, SWEDEN, SWITZERLAND, VENEZUELA. II. FIRST SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Honourable Sir James Eric Drummond, K.C.M.G., C.B. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ PART II. FRONTIERS OF TURKEY. ARTICLE 27. I. In Europe, the frontiers of Turkey will be laid down as follows: 1. The Black Sea: from the entrance of the Bosphorus to the point described below. 2. With Greece: From a point to be chosen on the Black Sea near the mouth of the Biyuk Dere, situated about 7 kilometres north-west of Podima, south-westwards to the most north-westerly point of the limit of the basin of the Istranja Dere (about 8 kilometres northwest of Istranja), a line to be fixed on the ground passing through Kapilja Dagh and Uchbunar Tepe; thence south-south-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the railway from Chorlu to Chatalja about 1 kilometre west of the railway station of Sinekli, a line following as far as possible the western limit of the basin of the Istranja Dere; thence south-eastwards to a point to be chosen between Fener and Kurfali on the watershed between the basins of those rivers which flow into Biyuk Chekmeje Geul, on the north-east, and the basin of those rivers which flow direct into the Sea of Marmora on the south-west, a line to be fixed on the ground passing south of Sinekli; thence south-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the Sea of Marmora about 1 kilometre south-west of Kalikratia, a line following as far as possible this watershed. 3. The Sea of Marmora: from the point defined above to the entrance of the Bosphorus. II. In Asia, the frontiers of Turkey will be laid down as follows: 1. On the West and South: From the entrance of the Bosphorus into the Sea of Marmora to a point described below, situated in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in the neighbourhood of the Gulf of Alexandretta near Karatash Burun the Sea of Marmora, the Dardanelles, and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea; the islands of the Sea of Marmora, and those which are situated within a distance of 3 miles from the coast, remaining Turkish, subject to the provisions of Section IV and Articles 84 and 122, Part III (Political Clauses). 2. With Syria: From a point to be chosen on the eastern bank of the outlet of the Hassan Dede, about 3 kilometres north-west of Karatash Bu- run, north-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the Djaihun Irmak about 1 kilometre north of Babeli, a line to be fixed on the ground passing north of Karatash; thence to Kesik Kale, the course of the Djaihun Irmak upstream; thence north-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the Djaihun Irmak about 15 kilometres east-southeast of Karsbazar, a line to be fixed on the ground passing north of Kara Tepe; thence to the bend in the Djaihun Irmak situated west of Duldul Dagh, the course of the Djaihun Irmak upstream; thence in a general south-easterly direction to a point to be chosen on Emir Musi Dagh about 15 kilometres south-south-west of Giaour Geul a line to be fixed on the ground at a distance of about 18 kilometres from the railway, and leaving Duldul Dagh to Syria; thence eastwards to a point to be chosen about 5 kilometres north of Urfa a generally straight line from west to east to be hxed on the ground passing north of the roads connecting the towns of Bagh- che, Aintab, Biridjik, and Urfa and leaving the last three named towns to Syria; thence eastwards to the south-western extremity of the bend in the Tigris about 6 kilometres north of Azekh (27 kilometres west of Djezire-ibn-Omar), a generally straight line from west to east to be fixed on the ground leaving the town of Mardin to Syria; thence to a point to be chosen on the Tigris between the point of confluence of the Khabur Su with the Tigris and the bend in the Tigris situated about 10 kilometres north of this point, the course of the Tigris downstream, leaving the island on which is situated the town of Djezire-ibn-Omar to Syria. 3. With Mesopotamia: Thence in a general easterly direction to a point to be chosen on the northern boundary of the vilayet of Mosul, a line to be fixed on the ground; thence eastwards to the point where it meets the frontier between Turkey and Persia, the northern boundary of the vilayet of Mosul, modified, however, so as to pass south of Amadia. 4. On the East and the North East: From the point above defined to the Black Sea, the existing frontier between Turkey and Persia, then the former frontier between Turkey and Russia, subject to the provisions of Article 89. 5. The Black Sea. ARTICLE 28. The frontiers described by the present Treaty are traced on the one in a million maps attached to the present Treaty. In case of differences between the text and the map, the text will prevail. [see Introduction.] ARTICLE 29. Boundary Commissions, whose composition is or will be fixed in the present Treaty or in Treaties supplementary thereto, will have to trace these frontiers on the ground. They shall have the power, not only of fixing those portions which are defined as "a line to be fixed on the ground," but also, if the Commission considers it necessary, of revising in matters of detail portions defined by administrative boundaries or otherwise. They shall endeavour in all cases to follow as nearly as possible the descriptions given in the Treaties, taking into account, as far as possible, administrative boundaries and local economic interests. The decisions of the Commissions will be taken by a majority, and shall be binding on the parties concerned. The expenses of the Boundary Commissions will be borne in equal shares by the parties concerned. ARTICLE 30. In so far as frontiers defined by a waterway are concerned, the phrases "course" or "channel" used in the descriptions of the present Treaty signify, as regards non-navigable rivers, the median line of the waterway or of its principal branch, and, as regards navigable rivers, the median line of the principal channel of navigation. It will rest with the Boundary Commissions provided for by the present Treaty to specify whether the frontier line shall follow any changes of the course or channel which may take place, or whether it shall be definitely fixed by the position of the course or channel at the time when the present Treaty comes into force. In the absence of provisions to the contrary in the present Treaty, islands and islets Iying within three miles of the coast are included within the frontier of the coastal State. ARTICLE 31. The various States concerned undertake to furnish to the Commissions all documents necessary for their tasks, especially authentic copies of agreements fixing existing or old frontiers, all large scale maps in existence, geodetic data, surveys completed but unpublished, and information concerning the changes of frontier watercourses. The maps, geodetic data, and surveys, even if unpublished, which are in the possession of the Turkish authorities must be delivered at Constantinople, within thirty days from the coming into force of the present Treaty, to such representative of the Commissions concerned as may be appointed by the principal Allied Powers. The States concerned also undertake to instruct the local authorities to communicate to the Commissions all documents, especially plans, cadastral and land books, and to furnish on demand all details regarding property, existing economic conditions, and other necessary information. ARTICLE 32. The various States interested undertake to give every assistance to the Boundary Commissions, whether directly or through local authorities, in everything that concerns transport, accommodation, labour, materials (sign-posts, boundary pillars) necessary for the accomplishment of their mission. In particular the Turkish Government undertakes to furnish to the Principal Allied Powers such technical personnel as they may consider necessary to assist the Boundary Commissions in the accomplishment of their mission. ARTICLE 33. The various States interested undertake to safeguard the trigonometrical points, signals, posts or frontier marks erected by the Commissions. ARTICLE 34 The pillars will be placed so as to be intervisible; they will be numbered, and their position and their number will be noted on a cartographic document. ARTICLE 35. The protocols defining the boundary and the maps and documents attached thereto will be made out in triplicate, of which two copies will be forwarded to the Governments of the limitrophe States, and the third to the Government of the French Republic, which will deliver authentic copies to the Powers who sign the present Treaty. PART III. POLITICAL CLAUSES. SECTION I. CONSTANTINOPLE. ARTICLE 36. Subject to the provisions of the present Treaty, the High Contracting Parties agree that the rights and title of the Turkish Government over Constantinople shall not be affected, and that the said Government and His Majesty the Sultan shall be entitled to reside there and to maintain there the capital of the Turkish State. Nevertheless, in the event of Turkey failing to observe faithfully the provisions of the present Treaty, or of any treaties or conventions supplementary thereto, particularly as regards the protection of the rights of racial, religious or linguistic minorities, the Allied Powers expressly reserve the right to modify the above provisions, and Turkey hereby agrees to accept any dispositions which may be taken in this connection. SECTION I I . STRAITS. ARTICLE 37. The navigation of the Straits, including the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmora and the Bosphorus, shall in future be open, both in peace and war, to every vessel of commerce or of war and to military and commercial aircraft, without distinction of flag. These waters shall not be subject to blockade, nor shall any belligerent right be exercised nor any act of hostility be committed within them, unless in pursuance of a decision of the Council of the League of Nations. ARTICLE 33. The Turkish Government recognises that it is necessary to take further measures to ensure the freedom of navigation provided for in Article 37, and accordingly delegates, so far as it is concerned, to a Commission to be called the "Commission of the Straits," and hereinafter referred to as 'the Commission," the control of the waters specified in Article 39. The Greek Government, so far as it is concerned, delegates to the Commission the same powers and undertakes to give it in all respects the same facilities. Such control shall be exercised in the name of the Turkish and Greek Governments respectively, and in the manner provided in this Section. ARTICLE 39. The authority of the Commission will extend to all the waters between the Mediterranean mouth of the Dardanelles and the Black Sea mouth of the Bosphorus, and to the waters within three miles of each of these mouths. This authority may be exercised on shore to such extent as may be necessary for the execution of the provisions of this Section. ARTICLE 40. The Commission shall be composed of representatives appointed respectively by the United States of America (if and when that Government is willing to participate), the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Russia (if and when Russia becomes a member of the League of Nations), Greece, Roumania, and Bulgaria and Turkey (if and when the two latter States become members of the League of Nations). Each Power shall appoint one representative. The representatives of the United States of America, the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan and Russia shall each have two votes. The representatives of Greece, Roumania, and Bulgaria and Turkey shall each have one vote. Each Commissioner shall be removable only by the Government which appointed him. ARTICLE 41. The Commissioners shall enjoy, within the limits specified in Article 39, diplomatic privileges and immunities. ARTICLE 42. The Commission will exercise the powers conferred on it by the present Treaty in complete independence of the local author ity. It will have its own flag, its own budget and its separate organisation. ARTICLE 43. Within the limits of its jurisdiction as laid down in Article 39 the Commission will be charged with the following duties: (a) the execution of any works considered necessary for the improvement of the channels or the approaches to harbours; ( the lighting and buoying of the channels; © the control of pilotage and towage; (d) the control of anchorages; (e) the control necessary to assure the application in the ports of Constantinople and Haidar ***** of the regime prescribed in Articles 335 to 344, Part XI (Ports, Waterways and Railways) of the present Treaty; (f) the control of all matters relating to wrecks and salvage; (g) the control of lighterage; ARTICLE 44. In the event of the Commission finding that the liberty of passage is being interfered with, it will inform the representatives at Constantinople of the Allied Powers providing the occupying forces provided for in Article 178. These representatives will thereupon concert with the naval and military commanders of the said forces such measures as may be deemed necessary to preserve the freedom of the Straits. Similar action shall be taken by the said representatives in the event of any external action threatening the liberty of passage of the Straits. ARTICLE 45. For the purpose of the acquisition of any property or the execution of any permanent works which may be required, the Commission shall be entitled to raise such loans as it may consider necessary. These loans will be secured, so far as possible, on the dues to be levied on the shipping using the Straits, as provided in Article 53. ARTICLE 46. The functions previously exercised by the Constantinople Superior Council of Health and the Turkish Sanitary Administration which was directed by the said Council, and the functions exercised by the National Life-boat Service of the Bosphorus will within the limits specified in Article 39 be discharged under the control of the Commission and in such manner as it may direct. The Commission will co-operate in the execution of any common policy adopted by the League of Nations for preventing and combating disease. ARTICLE 47. Subject to the general powers of control conferred upon the Commission, the rights of any persons or companies now holding concessions relating to lighthouses, docks, quays or similar matters shall be maintained; but the Commission shall be entitled if it thinks it necessary in the general interest to buy out or modify such rights upon the conditions laid down in Article 311 Part IX (Economic Clauses) of the present Treaty, or itself to take up a new concession. ARTICLE 48. In order to facilitate the execution of the duties with which it is entrusted by this Section, the Commission shall have power to organise such a force of special police as may be necessary. This force shall be drawn so far as possible from the native population of the zone of the Straits and islands referred to in Article 178, Part V (Military, Naval and Air Clauses), excluding the islands of Lemnos, Imbros, Samothrace, Tenedos and Mitylene. The said force shall be commanded by foreign police officers appointed by the Commission. ARTICLE 49. In the portion of the zone of the Straits, including the islands of the Sea of Marmora, which remains Turkish, and pending the coming into force of the reform of the Turkish judicial system provided for in Article I36, all infringements of the regulations and by-laws made by the Commission, committed by nationals of capitulatory Powers, shall be dealt with by the Consular Courts of the said Powers. The Allied Powers agree to make such infringements justiciable before their Consular Courts or authorities. Infringements committed by Turkish nationals or nationals of non-capitulatory Powers shall be dealt with by the competent Turkish judicial authorities. In the portion of the said zone placed under Greek sovereignty such infringements will be dealt with by the competent Greek judicial authorities. ARTICLE 50. The officers or members of the crew of any merchant vessel vwithin the limits of the jurisdiction of the Commission who may be arrested on shore for any offence committed either ashore or afloat within the limits of the said jurisdiction shall be brought before the competent judicial authority by the Commission's police. If the accused was arrested otherwise than by the Commission's police he shall immediately be handed over to them. ARTICLE 51 . The Commission shall appoint such subordinate officers or officials as may be found indispensable to assist it in carrying out the duties with which it is charged. ARTICLE 52. In all matters relating to the navigation of the waters within the limits of the jurisdiction of the Commission all the ships referred to in Article 37 shall be treated upon a footing of absolute equality. ARTICLE 53. Subject to the provisions of Article 47 the existing rights under which dues and charges can be levied for various purposes, whether direct by the Turkish Government or by international bodies or private companies, on ships or cargoes within the limits of the jurisdiction of the Commission shall be transferred to the Commisssion The Commission shall fix these dues and charges at such amounts only as may be reasonably necessary to cover the cost of the works executed and the services rendered to shipping, including the general costs and expenses of the administration of the Commission, and the salaries and pay provided for in paragraph 3 of the Annex to this Section. For these purposes only and with the prior consent of the Council of the League of Nations the Commission may also establish dues and charges other than those now existing and fix their amounts. ARTICLE 54. All dues and charges imposed by the Commission shall be levied without any discrimination and on a footing of absolute equality between all vessels, whatever their port of origin, destination or departure, their flag or ownership, or the nationality or ownership of their cargoes. This disposition does not affect the right of the Commission to fix in accordance with tonnage the dues provided for by this Section. ARTICLE 55. The Turkish and Greek Governments respectively undertake to facilitate the acquisition by the Commission of such land and buildings as the Commission shall consider it necessary to acquire in order to carry out effectively the duties with which it is entrusted. ARTICLE 56. Ships of war in transit through the waters specified in Article 39 shall conform in all respects to the regulations issued by the Commission for the observance of the ordinary rules of navigation and of sanitary requirements. ARTICLE 57. (1) Belligerent warships shall not revictual nor take in stores except so far as may be strictly necessary to enable them to complete the passage of the Straits and to reach the nearest port where they can call, nor shall they replenish or increase their supplies of war material or their armament or complete their crews, within the waters under the control of the Commission. Only such repairs as are absolutely necessary to render them seaworthy shall be carried out, and they shall not add in any manner whatever to their fighting force. The Commission shall decide what repairs are necessary, and these must be carried out with the least possible delay. (2) The passage of belligerent warships through the waters under the control of the Commission shall be effected with the least possible delay, and without any other interruption than that resulting from the necessities of the service. (3) The stay of such warships at ports within the jurisdiction of the Commission shall not exceed twenty-four hours except in case of distress. In such case they shall be bound to leave as soon as possible. An interval of at least twenty-four hours shall always elapse between the sailing of a belligerent ship from the waters under the control of the Commission and the departure of a ship belonging to an opposing belligerent. (4) Any further regulations affecting in time of war the waters under the control of the Commission, and relating in particular to the passage of war material and contraband destined for the enemies of Turkey, or revictualling, taking in stores or carrying out repairs in the said waters, will be laid down by the League of Nations. ARTICLE 58. Prizes shall in all respects be subjected to the same conditions as belligerent vessels of war. ARTICLE 59. No belligerent shall embark or disembark troops, munitions of war or warlike materials in the waters under the control of the Commission, except in case of accidental hindrance of the passage, and in such cases the passage shall be resumed with all possible despatch. ARTICLE 60. Nothing in Articles 57, 58 or 59 shall be deemed to limit the powers of a belligerent or belligerents acting in pursuance of a decision by the Council of the League of Nations. ARTICLE 61. Any differences which may arise between the Powers as to the interpretation or execution of the provisions of this Section, and as regards Constantinople and Haidar ***** of the provisions of Articles 335 to 344, Part Xl (Ports, Waterways, and Railways) shall be referred to the Commission. In the event of the decision of the Commission not being accepted by any Power, the question shall, on the demand of any Power concerned, be settled as provided by the League of Nations, pending whose decision the ruling of the Commission will be carried out. ANNEX 1. The Chairmanship of the Commission of the Straits shall be rotatory for the period of two years among the members of the Commission entitled to two votes. The Commission shall take decisions by a majority vote and the Chairman shall have a casting vote. Abstention shall be regarded as a vote against the proposal under discussion. Each of the Commissioners will have the right to designate a deputy Commissioner to replace him in his absence. 2. The salary of each member of the Commission will be paid by the Government which appointed him; these salaries will be fixed at reasonable amounts agreed upon from time to time between the Governments represented on the Commission. 3. The salaries of the police officers referred to in Article 48, of such other officials and officers as may be appointed under Article 51, and the pay of the local police referred to in Article 48, shall be paid out of the receipts from the dues and charges levied on shipping. The Commission shall frame regulations as to the terms and condltions of employment of all officers and officials appointed 4. The Commission shall have at its disposal such vessels as may be necessary to enable it to carry out its functions as laid down in this Section and Annex. 5. In order to carry out all the duties with which it is charged by the provisions of this Section and Annex and within the limits therein laid down the Commission will have the power to prepare, issue and enforce the necessary regulations; this power will include the right of amending so far as may be necessary or repealing the existing regulations. 6. The Commission shall frame regulations as to the manner in which the accounts of all revenues and expenditure of the funds under its control shall be kept, the auditing of such accounts and the publication every year of a full and accurate report thereof. SECTION III. KURDISTAN. ARTICLE 62. A Commission sitting at Constantinople and composed of three members appointed by the British, French and Italian Governments respectively shall draft within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty a scheme of local autonomy for the predominantly Kurdish areas lying east of the Euphrates, south of the southern boundary of Armenia as it may be hereafter determined, and north of the frontier of Turkey with Syria and Mesopotamia, as defined in Article 27, II (2) and (3). If unanimity cannot be secured on any question, it will be referred by the members of the Commission to their respective Governments. The scheme shall contain full safeguards for the protection of the Assyro-Chaldeans and other racial or religious minorities within these areas, and with this object a Commission composed of British, French, Italian, Persian and Kurdish representatives shall visit the spot to examine and decide what rectifications, if any, should be made in the Turkish frontier where, under the provisions of the present Treaty, that frontier coincides with that of Persia. ARTICLE 63. The Turkish Government hereby agrees to accept and execute the decisions of both the Commissions mentioned in Article 62 within three months from their communication to the said Government. ARTICLE 64. If within one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty the Kurdish peoples within the areas defined in Article 62 shall address themselves to the Council of the League of Nations in such a manner as to show that a majority of the population of these areas desires independence from Turkey, and if the Council then considers that these peoples are capable of such independence and recommends that it should be granted to them, Turkey hereby agrees to execute such a recommendation, and to renounce all rights and title over these areas. The detailed provisions for such renunciation will form the subject of a separate agreement between the Principal Allied Powers and Turkey. If and when such renunciation takes place, no objection will be raised by the Principal Allied Powers to the voluntary adhesion to such an independent Kurdish State of the Kurds inhabiting that part of Kurdistan which has hitherto been included in the Mosul vilayet. SECTION IV. SMYRNA. ARTICLE 65. The provisions of this Section will apply to the city of Smyrna and the adjacent territory defined in Article 66, until the determination of their final status in accordance with Article 83. ARTICLE 66. The geographical limits of the territory adjacent to the city of Smyrna will be laid down as follows: From the mouth of the river which flows into the Aegean Sea about 5 kilometres north of Skalanova, eastwards, the course of this river upstream; then south-eastwards, the course of the southern branch of this river; then south-eastwards, to the western point of the crest of the Gumush Dagh; A line to be fixed on the ground passing west of Chinar K, and east of Akche Ova; thence north-eastwards, this crest line; thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the railway from Ayasoluk to Deirmendik about 1 kilometre west of Balachik station, a line to be fixed on the ground leaving the road and railway from Sokia to Balachik station entirely in Turkish territory; thence northwards to a point to be

I think the US is paying the price for the bombing of the pharmaceutical companies in Sudan, the civilian bridges of Belgrade, for opposing banning of the landmines, etc. But the irony is that Sudan, Pakistan, Cuba, etc have become members of the same commission...

Oz, I hope you read this message. I feel obligated to retract one of my allegations, and extend my apologies. In the past I have claimed that a Turkish publisher has been jailed for translating and publishing one of Vahakn Dadrian's books in Turkey. First of all, his name is Zaracoulue (assuming that my spelling is correct). More importantly, it is true that he was sentenced to a term, however, the Supreme Court of Turkey has found that "even though Dadrian's book contains incorrect allegations, publishing of the book doesn't constitute a crime." I have also been told that, subsequently, the same publisher has published one of Levon Marashlian's books. I apologize again for the misinformation. P.S. My reference inside the quotation marks above is not precise, and is an attempted paraphrasing of the judgment of the Supreme Court of Turkey.

Circussian, I also, much like you, perceive Armenians of Turkey just as citizens of Turkey with their loyalty to the Turkish flag. On that capacity I don’t see them being any more interested in the recognition of the Genocide than, say the Circassian or Abkhazian minorities of Turkey. But I am glad that you would support them in case they decide to petition the parliament of Turkey. But I think, before that petition can take place, Turkish society has a long way to go. First, the subject has to become subject open for discussions in the pages of Turkish newspapers and on the screens of the TV. As you might recall, I have posted an information in the Us v. Them thread on a Turkish publisher being sentenced to 11-month term few years ago (I think 11 months) for publishing a book supporting the allegation of the Armenian Genocide. I had promised Oz to verify his name. Ironically, a week ago I spoke to an Armenian historian for about 20 minutes, who could verify the publisher’s name, and then we hung up forgetting about it. I will call him again as soon as possible to get the name. Actually, I also think that the Armenian Genocide has to be discussed within the framework of democratic institutions. But while there may be no constitutional restrictions on such discussions and inquiry, apparently the subject is still taboo in modern Turkey, while the government of Athaturk had been more open to it, and had recognized it at the time. But one thing I have to emphasize while disagreeing with you is that the Turkish Armenians are in no position to give to this claim credibility or to strip the claim off of credibility. Theoretically you may be right about the participation of Turkish Armenians in Turkish parliamentary process. We have Turkish Armenians in our forum, and I think they can give their opinion on this. However, the activism of the Armenian minority in Turkish parliamentary and revolutionary movement of Ottoman Empire in early 20th century, and their strong affiliation with the Young Turks’ movement has been one of the primary reasons of the Genocide. Apparently, when Armenians of Turkey have started to become an organized and politicized minority in Ottoman Turkey, they have been perceived as a big threat to the Empire, and have been wiped out. Additionally, interestingly enough, our good friend Ali has told us that there is evidence that some modern ultra-nationalist Turkish political parties are founded by Armenians hiding their true identity. As to attacking the “Turks,” personally, I would not like to see anything of the type, but rather a constructive discussion and collaboration. Sure, not all of the Armenians can deal with this issue with adequate rationalism. Some do it because they still have horrible memories that they have not been able to deal with, others would do it because it is a safe way of coming across as a “good Armenian.” This is unfortunate, but I am sure things consistently move in the right direction. It’s just a matter of time. By the way, on the subject of your statement regarding OJ Simpson, it would be my turn to say LOL. I also want to clarify that I have not meant that you give us the names of the books that you have read. What I have meant was that it normally makes not a good impression when people make statements referring to unknown sources of information to back their arguments up. It is always good to provide references to the sources of information, when the argument is so highly sensitive. See, one of the problems is that the archives of the Ottoman Empire are still only selectively open to the public, despite the promises made several years ago. Besides, many suspect that in totalitarian regimes like the Republic of Turkey currently is, many documents may be easily destroyed without leaving a trace behind. And the very fact of “opening” the archives, but not really opening them is a source of significant suspicion. On the subject of your verification and subsequent apology, I have to encourage you to study the issue further with an open mind, and if you would come to a conclusion to apologize, many of us (perhaps not all) would accept the apology. I have to also add that I am not suggesting that Turkish Armenians are corrupt. I have said that there is such opinion. Actually, now I recall a conversation I have had with a Turkish Armenian while working at UCLA, who was uncomfortable with the attempts of other Armenians to bring to the surface the subject of the Genocide. His basis of discomfort was not that he believed it had not happened, but just “let it go. Why are you pushing an 80 years old event to the surface?” There is no question that Russians have implicit participation in the Genocide of Armenians. They could perfectly understand the destiny of Armenians that were being left behind in the result of their retreat, and they could perfectly anticipate it when appealing to the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire to join their "invincible Army." They just didn’t care. This is their crime. But the executers and the masterminds of the Genocide were the high ranking Turks. I am far from a thought that the Russian Empire has been much better than the Ottoman Empire, or that the Russian Kozaks have been any better than the Tukrish Hamidies (not sure about the spelling). However, I would refrain from overemphasizing the Russian responsibility in the Genocide and underemphasizing the Turkish responsibility. But when it comes to the lose of Armenian statehood and the Armenian lands, I would hold Russians responsible for it, first, and then the Turks. And sure, the Russian forces have never been angels in Caucasus, and their advancement to Caucasus has been a pure occupation. Evne the Soviet propaganda has accepted this fact. They have brought much trouble to the region and have sunk it in blood. Moreover, they have turned the nations of Caucasus against each other – the infamous British policy of “divide and conquer.” In fact, until 1905, Armenians and what would later be called Azeries (for special purposes), have lived together in peace. It is documented in the Russian literature that the hostilities between Armenians and then Caucasian Tatars have been planted by the special services of the Russian Empire, and by the order of General-Governor of Caucasus Golitsin. Your story about Batumy is quite interesting. Did you know that Batumy had been passed to Georgia (read Russia) in 1921 as a result of the infamous Russo-Turkish treaty of 1921. It was a swap – Turkey passed to Georgia Adjaria, while Russia passed to Turkey Kars, Ardahan, Surmalu, etc. But I am sort of puzzled with the reaction of the mayer of Batumy you described, since when it comes to a confrontation with Tbilisi, the leadership of Adjaria is playing the Russian card very vigorously. But by in large, the way you feel about Russians, Armenians feel about Turks, because this is what Turks have done to Armenia and Armenians for centuries. And it may be that some benefit in our name. But the sole reason of it is the current stance of the Turkish government towards the Republic of Armenia. It is the Republic of Turkey which doesn’t leave Armenia with other alternatives. P.S. Apparently, I am still not fluent with the vocabulary of Tottenham. [ May 07, 2001: Message edited by: MJ ]

As a matter of fact, you were... But you'd rather not to. You just have short memory, I think.

No Harut, Raffi is just joking.

Yes, only I would call it moral satisfaction, rather than emotional.

Edg, I think that the resolution of the condemnation of the Jewish Holocaust and the subsequent retributions to the state of Israel and the Jewish organizations have evolved under different circumstances. Germany had lost the war, and had been brought to its knees. The winners wanted to punish Germany. The retributions to Israel have been based on discretionary rulings, and not on International Law, if I understand it correctly. If I am wrong, I would appreciate someone pointing me to the universal Law that may exist, to which I have not been exposed. In International rulings of such scale, there has to be a precise logic based on International Law, to which the alleging party (in this case us) has to follow, and based on which the case has to be built. We all are familiar with the UN Resolution of the Genocide. Overall, the International Law speaks very ambiguously about reparations of the guilty party. However, it doesn't specify the character of reparations, which implies that by in large, the character of reparations may be defined by the party found guilty. If I understand correctly, the reparations may range in a very wide spectrum - from moral reparation, economic reparation to territorial reparation. Even after the condemnation of the Genocide, and the definition of the form of compensation, the International community has no leverages to make Turkey to comply with its resolutions. As you know, there are UN resolutions in place for a dozen of years regarding the occupation of Cyprus, regarding the occupation of West Bank, regarding even the circumstances surrounding Karabagh, etc. By in large, UN is a moral court, and it has no real leverages. True, every now and then, some world power may use the UN as an umbrella to implement some kind of agenda. But one thing that I have to warn you about is that for more than hundreds of years, Armenians have had the naivety (read stupidity) of "calculating" somebody else' political and geopolitical interests, convincing them that it is in their interests to liberate Armenia, and have claimed that they are just stupid, and they don't understand their own good. As you may trace, the consequences of such moronizm beginning from the Armenian Kings to the Political organizations of the last century, at least, has been millions of innocent Armenian lives. I wonder if there is anything in our history that may teach us some kind of lesson? I will speak on this subject more, depending on the progress of the topic.

But what International or other Law would that retribution be based on?

The traditional Armenian ideology claims, at least implicitly, that the recognition of the Genocide as an act committed by the government of Ottoman Turkey implies a host of consequences in the range from a monetary retribution to a return of historic Armenian lands. I invite all of us start a discussion on what are such opinions based on.

The psychopath is on the run, again. Below please find his email to me. Garo, could you make arrangements that his emails sent to me are denied, please? _____________________________________________ to MJ and Raffi I don't want to argue with you, but if you are spreading lies and propaganda or you are insulting me, I have to say something. And don't bullshit again, everyone knows that you two are psychic and not me, you loosers have banned me and kept up bashing me, this is something what the 15 years old girls do. and about my name: Nope I have no dutch ame, my nickname amoung my dutch friends is also Iranyar, and everyone should respect that, I still remember bitting the hell out of an Arab who said nonesense about Iranians. So I have no shame because of my background, and I still speak my native languages that i should and i guess my Armenian is also better than you. so next time don't insult me. If you want to be respected you should respect people. And to Raffi: Your name is Arabic, if i had an Arabic name i would have changed it immidiately, and you said you are from Lebanon, and as I know that many Armenians in Lebanon have intermarried with Christian Arabs, so maybe you are not pure Armenian but have arab blood in you, therefore you feel bad and everytime you say you are pure Armenian, i have not seen pure Armenians say this so frequently. i would say learn sme manners. And if you wanted to know that: maurits van Oranje is the first Dutch prince, this is my nickname at Dutch forum, it is because to tell them your first king was a foreigner, and the dutch next king would be even more foreigner, because son of queen has married an argentinian girl. It's not the same as those stupid Iranians here who have changed their names to Mike, Frank and nancy! To be sure I have a real Aryan name, with a Iranian georgian surname and I won't change it even not by force. and about un-banning me: Should i say thank you? first of all banning me was against human rights, you taken my right of expression and then constantly talked nonsense and attacked me, if I was not banned I wouldn't argue with you, i was never one who started, but you are the one who you don't want me to have around, to go on with your propaganda and childish behaviour.

quote:Originally posted by MosJan: Mj jan Naxkin Komaygu Aygiyum qaylalis lsetsy te inchpes mer tseruni "Qaraqageter@" q@nnum eyin iys harts@ mek@ p@nddum er vor HAyer@ taza Biologyakan zenq en hnarel yev iyd mkner@ hents et zenqn en mi 10 rope lseluts heto bavakanin lav tramadrutyamb yev 100 tarber varkatsner lseluts heto "nor boiologyakan zenki masin " qaylentsy depi kentron yev hima el taratsum em lurer@ Good to see you be back, MosJan. It appears that while in Yerevan, you have visited one of the major centers of world intelligence exchange and one of the major tink-tanks.

Circassian, People are free to give interpretations. But facts are stubborn things. No doubt a lot of people have been killed and suffered from all sides, and I am ready to bow my head to the innocent victims of all nationalities – Turkish, Circassian, Assoy, Greek, etc. But the issue of the Armenian Genocide is not just about being killed or suffered. It is about the systematic policy of the Ottoman Government on the attempt to annihilate the entire Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire. Otherwise al types of people have been killed during the wars – military or civilian, and at all times. What we are talking here is using the WW1 as a pretext to wipe out an entire race. More disgustingly, an entire generation of contemporary Turks is attempting to use the WW1 as a pretext for the mitigation of the crime of Genocide. Some do it innocently, since they haven’t been exposed to the truth, others choose to do it as a continuation of once the Ottoman Turkish policy. You make sweeping statements about the manipulation of information, and you make sweeping statements regarding reading a lot of materials. You conclude that indeed there is no proof that the Genocide has happened. However, your statement would be more trustworthy if you could provide some references in what have you read. Not to make the task to overwhelming, I would appreciate if you could just concentrate on the materials that have been provided at Hye Forum, only, and explain us in what way they don’t provide enough evidence on the occurrence of the Genocide. Even if I would take your word that there is no adequate proof on the occurrence of the Genocide, you have to admit that the lack of proof itself doesn’t attest to a fact that it has not taken place. I don’t know how much are you aware of the judicial process with allegations of OJ Simpson’s killings of Nicole Brown and Ron Goldman, but with all the overwhelming evidence, the jury didn’t find OJ guilty. Does it mean he didn’t do the killings? I doubt so. But I recognize that as an alleging party, the burden of the proof is on us. And we will do our best to make the case in the courts of the world, no matter how uphill of a battle it may be. To be frank, I couldn’t quite understand the meaning of your sentence: “I would also like to state that if some turkish - armenians in turkey decides to claim that there was indeed a genocidal policy & therefore something must be done;” I think it begs for further elaboration. I am very happy to hear that most of the Turkish citizens would encourage the inquiry on the subject of the Genocide, and would be happy to put it to rest. I am waiting to see it happen. I am glad at least to learn that you would be among them. As to the Diasporan Armenians’ thinking about the Turkish Armenians being of hostage, it is not the only opinion they express. Even in our forum, some think that it is partially because of being hostage, and partially because of being corrupt. I would refrain making statements on this regard, since I think it is incorrect to try to read somebody else’ mind, and would leave that judgment to those who have had a first hand encounter with the Turkish Armenians. I haven’t. Though, wile residing in Armenia, I have met a Turkish Armenian resident from Istanbul, who after his marriage with a local Armenian lady had established residency in Yerevan, and was very vocal about the motivation of the Turkish Armenians – especially those from Istanbul. As I said, I would refrain from expressing opinions on this subject. But I think that the naiveness, as a matter of principle, may be rather manifested in taking the word of Turkish Armenian citizens of Turkey, who in fact are the ones (or the descendants) who for one or another reason have not been subjected to a Genocide. Besides, I am not aware of statement from them denying the Genocide. From what I understand, they don’t want the issue to come up to the surface. Maybe it might disturb their comfort. To the contrary what you say, it doesn’t matter for us, especially as far as the subject of the Genocide is concerned, what the current Turkish Armenians say. They have no say on the subject of the crime that has been committed against my and others’ ancestors. No doubt politics should be consensual. I have no arguments about that. But the facts and the reaction towards crimes cannot be consensual. I think Armenians of Yerevan are comfortable with where they are, and even though I have to thank you for your invitation to join a Caucasian confederation (I presume), I think Armenia would be better served as an independent state. And thus, we would reserve the right of asking any questions, and moreover, making statements. But I can assure you that we have no intention of insulting or offending anybody. We just want to see justice prevailed, and we will continue to do so. My heart goes out for all the innocent victims of WW1, and I express my deepest sympathies to their descendents regardless of their ethnic background. However, if I understand correctly, none of these presumably peaceful people have been massacred by the direct order of the Ottoman Turkey. And if they have, I think you should join us in demanding justice, or at least recognition for all. I hope this is not what is called “hogging” in Tottenham. P.S. It is sort of a tradition in our forum to ask our Turkish friends to introduce themselves so that we can grasp better their persona. Would you mind doing it for us, please?

I have received the following email from our old psychopath Iranyar, today. Most interestingly, while originating from his email address, it is signed under a name Maurits van Oranje [iranyar@yahoo.com]. I want to make a public announcement here that I don't enjoy communicating with him, nor I have time to deal with him. And there is nothing I can do to help him. The only help he may receive is from a very experienced psychiatrist, which I am not. _____________________________________________ I wanted to tell you you are very wrong, In Iran all Armenians have Armenian surnames. In fact anyone who doesn't like his herritage and want to be different has a psychic complex. By saying this mr. Raffi your friend should be the first one who should change his Arabic name, but you you say your name is Martin (which I doubt I think it is Mehmet or Moshe!)and you think that it is a cool name, because sounds so American, but it's not. It is coming from Aryan Mart/Mard (=man or strong young man, if you knew Armenian you knew that word) and I am sitting here laugh at people who are traitors to their backgrounds.

quote:Originally posted by circassian: I beg to differ with some of your views. More specifically?

quote:Originally posted by art: Originally posted by Pilafhead: Have you or will you sleep with women before you get married? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mike, MJ He hasn't, as well as some others. Be understanding Wow did this one pass by me. MJ don't speak so confidently about something you dont know. Amot kez. Chi kareli che yerdasart(et hartsov). Gayane lav business es anum. Go right on, Art. Tell us about your experiences with all their glory. And then, don't forget to give their names, so that we can varify. As to "amot," if we read your previous postings in this thread, and if we think a little bit, we may have a different and more appropriate venue for redirecting the "amot."

First of all, you don’t know what my verson of history is. I also don’t know what your version is. What we can do first is, to see how different our versions are. I am not aware of attacks on you on the grounds of the exercise of the free speech. Our forums content may attest to the fact that there has been a very high threshold of tolerance towards alternative views in this forum, and the “attacks” have been marginal. Let’s also understand that we have not asked you to vacate your house. First of all, the only party that could ask it is the Government of Armenia, which hasn’t don it, yet. To the contrary, it has taken a very different approach. So the insinuations of requests of “vacating your house” are somewhat not truthful. As to the hyperventilating of bloodthirsty adventurists with an urge of avenge from the Armenian side, you have to understand that in most of the cases you deal with 17 years old kids, who under the best scenario, try to impress the adults. So if you are going to take them as the basis of your conclusions, then I have to question your sincerity. Sorry for the abruptness. I think it has to be clear from the above that the “danger of your relocation” is somewhat a fairy tail with the purpose of diverting the issue from its real substance. I hope and believe that it is not your personal intention, and is just a manifestations of an established Turkish doctrine. Finally, I have no “realistic suggestions.” We are not in the business of making deals in this forum. We have no such mandate, and all of us express our personal opinions, which theoretically speaking, have as much chance for being accepted by the Armenian Government as they have with the Turkish Government. It is apparent also that you have a good will, and you are trying to find a resolution to the problem. However, I cannot understand what problem are you trying to resolve. If you could articulate it in some details, it would greatly help to facilitate the dialog. I will reply to you as soon as I can commit time to the forum. You wouldn’t remain unanswered, no matter how slow the responses may come.