MosJan

ALIYEV SPECULATES KHOJALU TRAGEDY Khojalu’s 10-th anniversary marked in Azerbaijan At the TV message addressed to Azeri nation from Cleveland’s clinic where he had undergone prostate surgery, Azeri president Heydar Aliyev said that he is aware that people are concerned with health, but there is nothing to worry about, for he is feeling fine and will return to homeland in couple of days. Aliyev departed to London from Cleveland yesterday, February 26. But he is not to sign agreements with British oil companies or have any official meetings. He just visits his daughter who now lives in London. February 25 Aliyev addressed the Azeri people on the occasion of the 10-th anniversary of tragic events in Khojalu. He said that Khojalu’s tragedy is the continuation of Armenia’s nationalist-chauvinistic policy of ethnic cleansings and Azerbaijanis’ genocide. In the Aliyev’s message it is noted that the goal of Armenians is to capture the Nagorno-Karabagh and other Azerbaijani territories. Aliyev also stressed that the blood of Khojalu victims calls for retaliation. About ten years ago, in 1992, Aliyev’s attitude towards Khojalu tragic events was totally different. Then he blamed ex authorities of Azerbaijan for the tragedy- mainly the ex president Ayaz Mutalibov. Pitifully the tragedy of Khojalu is being speculated for ten years for political purposes. Then Aliyev speculated the issue for becoming president, and now- for passing the authority to his son Ilham Aliyev. Ex president of Azerbaijan Ayaz Mutalibov elucidated the Khojalu events in a different way, though. In the recent interview given to Azeri Zerkalo newspaper, Mutalibov said the following: ‘Late interior minister Tofik Kerimov told me the details of the tragic events in the evening of February 25, 1992. He said that several hundred people were killed in Khojalu. I at once called Mkrtchian (then the chairman of supreme council of Karabagh- T.H.). I did not know the man, neither had I met him before. I just knew his surname. Angered, I asked how could they kill about one thousand people in Khojalu. He said that it was nonsense, and nobody was killed in Khojalu. He said that before Armenian troops captured Khojalu it was empty, for a humanitarian corridor was left for people to leave the town, and the inhabitants safely left it. Part of Khojalu residents were sheltered in Stepanakert’s college’s building, Mktrchian told me. He also said they were given food, although there is shortage of food supply in Stepanakert as well. I did not believe him, and called the head of the police department Armen Isagulov. He also reconfirmed that a humanitarian corridor was left for the inhabitants to leave the town’. To the question what was Rahim Gaziyev (Azeri battalion commander) doing on that gloomy day, Mutaliobov answered frankly: ‘I did not know at first, but Gaziyev was bombing Stepanakert with ‘Grad’ guns, not understanding that it will cause counteraction (it was Gaziyev’s personal initiative, and was not ordered by Azeri chief commanders). Later Gaziyev told me that he was defending Khojalu. And I told him that he did not defend but to the contrary- destroyed Khojalu’. Yesterday, while Aliyev was spending time with his daughter, the 10-th anniversary of Khojalu tragedy was marked in Azerbaijan. By Tatoul Hagopian © Copyright AZG

TURKISH DENIALIST EFFORT DOUBLES FOLLOWING ISRAELI AMBASSADOR ANNOUNCEMENT Turkish press continues to closely watch the development of Armenian-Israeli relations connected with the notorious announcement of Israeli ambassador to Armenia Rivka Kohen. Many of Turkish newspapers foresaw ‘crisis’ in Armenia-Israeli relations in this respect. Elucidating the note of protest sent to Israel by Armenian foreign ministry, Turkish Radical newspaper writes that the position of Armenia in the issue of Armenian Genocide recognition became very harsh, for the response of Armenia to a similar announcement made at the British embassy in Ankara was not as ‘loud’. Radical finds that the stance of Israel affects Armenians morally. The newspaper notes that the public circles of Israel avoid from calling the ‘tragedies’ of 1915 a ‘genocide’. The newspaper at the same time brings all the ‘facts’ denying the genocide, and condemns the allegations of Armenians. Radical also says that Armenians were not killed without opposition, bringing examples of ‘revolts and treason’ of Armenians in the time of Ottoman reign. © Copyright AZG

STEP FORWARD FOR GENOCIDE RECOGNITION Progressive Armenian, Turkish, Kurdish, Assyrian and Greek representatives, leaders of democratic organizations, pro-Armenian German figures and the director of Yerevan’s Genocide Museum participated in the conference-exhibition dedicated to the 1915 Armenian Genocide held in Frankfurt am Maine on February 8-10. The participants delivered reports about Armenian Genocide and documentary photos were exhibited at the St. Katharine Evangelical church of Frankfurt am Maine. Pitifully Germany did not recognize the Armenian Genocide up to day, despite having thousands of Armenians, Kurds, Assyrians and Greeks living in the country who demand the recognition of one of the greatest crimes of the mankind. The conference was organized by the direct initiative of the research delegation of Paris-Armenian community, which persuaded Bundestag’s authorities to hold the event. The ‘Union Against Genocide’ organization which is run by progressive German-Turkish intellectuals, and the ‘Union of Kurdish Students’ immensely contributed to the realization of the initiative. Doctor Lavrenty Barseghian, the director of Yerevan’s Genocide Museum, called Turkey to recognize the Armenian Genocide and officially apologize for the tragic events. According to him this can open a new page in Armenian-Turkish relations. Kurdish intellectual Yrjan Ayboka, as well as the director of Hessen’s Armenian Cultural Union Masis Nahapetian came up with similar calls. Several other progressive intellectuals delivered brave speeches condemning Turkish denialist policy and supporting genocide recognition calls. Thus one more step forward was made in the thorny path of Armenian Genocide recognition. By Hamo Moskofian, Frankfurt am Maine- Yerevan

me to Azat jan i have a wedding to go to you knwo who makes a good Beer ?? Sheram, in last 2 years i have only been drinking beed made by him man it's good the best Azat if you need to aske Q.s on beer and wine ask Sheram, he is the Master!!!

me to Azat jan i have a wedding to go to

No Problem yes nerka Harout you might need to PM Aghmug. Azat isk du ?>? GAro ??? yev muys LA bnakichner@????

i was in khojalu lass then 10 monts a go, it was not the same khojalu that i have seen in video documents regarding khodjalu, in one of the videos you can clearly see the azeri general at first yelling and slapping his shoulders, then he start to shut at them, you can even see the azeri solders shutting azeri villagers. most of azeri solders in the village war newcomers, kids who war place tear by azeri government to bee killed, they did not even batter teaching them anything, most military papers war only 5 days old. some of the since that i was "fortuned" to see was taped in the morning, one of the houses had 10-or-11 bodies in it, kids, woman, elderly, what was not a prty site, they had ropes on there hands and their legs, house was half way burned, at first i was thinking that this are azeris but when i soo two fedaysi crying next to one of the bodies i released that this war Armenians. one other house - 2 of the solders war inspecting the remains , passports, military documents. if any one if you has a chans to go to khojalu one day, pay attention on the houses, most of the houses are damaged from the azeri site. one of the villagers told me that way before Armenians entered the village azeris start bombing the village using GRAT. Svetlana Paskaleva was also on seen that day and i bevel she has a nice video tape of the events, since her video equipment was much better then the rest... in one of the since she was intervening 6-8 old azeris who war left to be killed. azeri government was making a human sacrifices, and this is the result, today the same SOBs can declare a genocide... I remember Monte Melkonyans words in Kelbajar when after liberating he sad -""It’s a shame that they send them against us, with so little preparation, to be killed like that" MOvses

KHOJALU TRAGEDY OR MUTALIBOV’S LATE CONFESSION February 26 marks the tenth anniversary of a tragedy that occurred in Khojalu village in the Askeran region of Nagorno Karabagh. It doubtless was a tragedy as it took the lives of 600 people. The 1992 February was the highlight of the war in Karabagh, when Azeri armed units occupied almost half of Karabagh’s territory and its capital Stepanakert was being bombarded day and night from nearby located Khojalu and Aghdam. Karabagh was actually strangled. Back in 1992 Heydar Aliyev, who was then chairman of Nakhichevan parliament, blamed the Khojalu tragedy on the then president of Azerbaijan Ayaz Mutalibov. Aliyev was quoted by Azeri news agency Bilik Dunyasi as saying that “the bloodshed would be in our favor and we must not interfere.” Regretfully the Khojalu tragedy has been exploited in Azerbaijan for inner-political goals, when the tragedy of innocent people is being exploited for the sake of political intrigues. Who killed the residents of Khojalu?. Let us put aside all suppositions, let us apply to chronicles. An Azeri cameramen Chingiz Mustafaev, who was shooting a documentary in Aghdam and nearby territories, controlled then by Azerbaijani People’s Front, has questioned the official Azerbaijani theory that it was committed by Armenians and began a journalistic investigation. His first contribution to the Moscow-based D-Press news agency about possible involvement of Azeri troops in it cost him dearly. Shortly after it he was killed in Aghdam region under obscure circumstances. Another evidence came from former chairman of Azeri parliament Karayev who said that the tragedy was plotted and implemented by a top Azeri official. In a recent interview with the Moscow-based Nezavisimaya Gazeta Azerbaijan’s ex-president Ayaz Mutalibov insists that if the People’s Front had not hindered signing of an agreement that was to place the Azeri army under the command of the CIS chief military headquarters, the Khojalu tragedy would not have happened. The interview was entitled “Late Confession.” Mutalibov in other cases insisted that Armenians provided Azeris with a humanitarian corridor to leave Khojalu, but the armed forces of the People’s Front fired at innocent residents near the border of Aghdam. About 600 women, children and old men fell victim to the slaughter, committed by the People’s Front of Azerbaijan. They also murdered brutally 34 Armenians in Khojalu. By Tatool Hakobian © Copyright AZG

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Azat jan it's a good idea if anyone opens a NOYAK i like to be notified ASAP

Armenian Musicians To Participate In Italian Music Festivals YEREVAN (Noyan Tapan)—This summer, Armenian musicians will participate in the 4th International Choral Festival and the 50th Annual International Polyphonic Choral Festival that will take place in the Italian cities of Gorisa and Corso. Grigor Voskanian, specialist of musical art in the Ministry of Culture, informed that only composers will participate in the International Choral Festival. The Choral Festival contest includes 5 categories: vocal, folklore, spiritual, jazz, and pop. Voskanian said that vocal groups are to participate in the International Polyphonic Choral Festival. The vocal groups must consist of 6 and 12 people who will perform in the following categories: spiritual, polyphony, and children's polyphony, and voice. Those who have applied for participation have to send their scores and video records to the organizers of the contest.

More Than $70,000 Raised for Hampig Sassounian Defense Effort PASADENA—More than 720 community members and activists participated in a fund-raising event to benefit the Hampig Sassounian Defense Committee, at the Pasadena Armenian center, where by the end of the evening more than $70,000 was raised for defense efforts for Sassounian who is currently facing a retrial of the special circumstance provision of his life sentence. The evening's event aimed at acquainting the community to this new phase in the more than 20-year-old Sassounian case and urge the community to financially and morally support efforts of the Defense Committee. Welcoming remarks were presented by Defense Committee secretary Houri Fournouzian, who said that Sassounian's imprisonment is a human rights violation, which can be deemed as a continuation of the Genocide committed against the Armenian people by the Ottoman Turkish regime. Master of Ceremonies and Defense Committee member Hovig Saliba welcomed the official guests, including Western Prelate Bishop Moushegh Mardirossian; Armenian Revolutionary Federation Bureau member Dr. Viken Hovsepian; ARF Western US Central Committee chairman Viken Yacoubian and fellow Central Committee members; ARF Eastern US Central Committee chairman Zohrab Tazian and fellow Central Committee members; Armenian Relief Society Western Regional Executive chairwoman Sona Peltekian; members of Sassounian's family and Hampig's fiancé, Salpy, as well as representatives of community organizations. Also present were Sassounian's first attorney Paul Geragos and his son Mark, who is currently serving as his defense attorney. Saliba made special mention and extended a heartfelt gratitude to appellate attorney Charles Sevilla, who had seen Sassounian's appeal all the way to the California Supreme Court and the 9th Circuit Court, where in 2000 a decision was made to waive the special circumstance of Sassounian's life sentence, making him eligible for parole. However, in what is being called a deliberate persecution of the Armenian-American community in the wake of the Sept. 11 attacks on the US, Los Angeles County District Attorney Steve Cooley has opted to retry the special circumstance portion of this 20-year case. A hearing scheduled for next month will focus on the prosecution's claims that the crime for which Sassounian has been blamed was carried out on the promotion of national origin. Sassounian is serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole for the 1981 alleged assassination of the Turkish Consul General to Los Angeles Kemal Arikan. Sassounian Defense Committee co-chairman Bedros Ghazarian, briefed those gathered at the event on the current state of the committee's activities and delineated the needs of the committee as they have arisen due to this retrial. He thanked the community for its unwavering support throughout the decades. Sassounian attorney Mark Geragos also briefed the attendees about the legal aspect of the case, ensuring that Armenian community participation goes a long way in ensuring a just fruition to the case. He also commended the community for its support and chastised the District Attorney's office for revisiting this 20-year-old case, casting doubt on the motivation of the DA. Paul Geragos, who was lead defense attorney during the initial phase of the case, presented an emotional retrospective of the Sassounian Case and the significance the case has had not only legally, but personally, as well, as an active member of the Armenian-American community. "The Genocide continues," said Paul Geragos, who urged the community to remain vigilant in its pursuit of the aspirations of the Armenian people. The moving moment of the entire evening was the airing of an audio interview with Sassounian from prison, which was conducted by Fournouzian a day before. His message to the public was one of gratitude and affection toward the community. He expressed hope that one day he will personally attend a similar event at the Armenian center. Well known singers Hovig Krikorian, Nersig Ispiryan and Karnig Sarkissian provided the entertainment for the evening and initiating excitement among the participants to fulfill the mission of the gathering.

Al Qaeda, Muslim Brothers to set up military bases in Azerbaijan and Georgia? Islamic radical Al Qaeda and Muslim Brothers organizations are making attempts to set up military bases in the territory of Azerbaijan and Georgia. An official of a force ministry of Chechnya told so to Interfax news agency. This news is very interesting but may be a misinformation. Nevertheless the existence and activity of other Islamic terrorist organizations in Azerbaijan and Georgia is a fact, and the official Baku and Tbilisi have never rejected it. Moreover, the international terrorists headed by Usama Bin Laden transported weaponry, as well as made ‘mutual visits’ via Azerbaijan-Georgia and Turkey-Georgia transit routes. It is worth mentioning here that before Al Qaeda started its anti-American activity it was ‘left in the shade’ by the US Central Intelligence Agency and American press. It is also supposed that Al Qaeda was created by the initiative of CIA. Leader of Al Qaeda, now top terrorist Bin Laden, was cooperating with CIA against the Soviet troops that entered Afghanistan, and was also receiving financial support from US special agencies. Muslim Brothers radical organization was founded during the reign of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Naser, supposedly by US initiative – for hampering the expansion of socialism in the Arabic world. A number of terrorist organizations in Sudan and several other countries of Northern Africa were created on the basis of the Muslim Brothers organization. Since the ‘danger’ of socialism faded in Arabic world, the financing of Muslim Brothers became inexpedient for the USA. © Copyright AZG

SUPPORT WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF ATOM EGOYAN'S FILM "ARARAT" -- Send a Free ANCA Webfax to Miramax today ================================================================ Situation: ================================================================ The upcoming release of "Ararat," the highly anticipated new film by award-winning writer/director Atom Egoyan, will help educate millions around the world about the Armenian Genocide. The Turkish government, consistent with its long-standing campaign of genocide denial, has sought to censor this film by pressuring its distributor, Miramax. The film's world premiere date is set for May of this year. ================================================================ Action: ================================================================ Thank Miramax for providing the widest possible distribution for "Ararat" and for rejecting efforts by the Turkish government to censor this important work of art. 1) Visit the ANCA website to send a free ANCA WebFax to Miramax Co- Chairman Harvey Weinstein. http://www.anca.org 2) Send a letter directly to: Mr. Harvey Weinstein Co-Chairman, Miramax Films 375 Greenwich Street New York, NY 10013 3) Call Miramax at (212) 941-3800 and ask for Mr. Weinstein's office. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Sample letter: ---------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Mr. Weinstein, I recently learned about the upcoming Atom Egoyan movie "Ararat" and am already urging my friends and family to go see this film as soon as it is released. I very much appreciate your efforts in bringing this important work dealing with the Armenian Genocide to the public's attention and urge you to ensure its widest possible distribution. Over the last several years, many films depicting historic genocides and human rights abuses, such as "Schindler's List," have had major success at the box office. They have proven what those in the film industry with a social conscience already know, that movies can be a powerful medium not only for entertainment, but for education as well. This is why it is so vital that industry leaders such as you press forward undeterred by those who would, for their own narrow self-interests seek to censor such films by limiting their distribution. I understand that Ararat will have its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival this May and its North American debut at the Toronto Film Festival. I anxiously await its wide release in the United States. I recently visited your Miramax website and noticed that news is not yet available about the movie's release or the eventual locations where it will be showing. I will continue to visit the site often, and look forward to sharing the latest information with friends, family and my community at large. Thank you once again for your role in bringing "Ararat" to the attention of the world. For assistance in publicizing "Ararat", you may wish to contact the Armenian National Committee of America at anca@anca.org Sincerely, ================================================================ Background: ================================================================ 1) For more information about "Ararat" visit: http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/302109p1.html http://www.upcomingmovies.com/ararat.html http://www.armeniaweek.com/dec142001/egoyan.html ---------------------------------------------------------------- 2) For more information about the Turkish government's efforts to censor "Ararat," including a webfax system they have established, visit: http://www.ermenisorunu.gen.tr/turkce/kamp...ar/miramax.html ---------------------------------------------------------------- Text of Turkish anti-Ararat Letter: ---------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Sir, I heard that a film on the Armenian issue is being produced by Miramax, a division of the Walt Disney Co. I appreciate your efforts towards revealing historical facts. I believe learning and teaching history is crucial. In the light of history, we all have to work for peace and tolerance, without any religious, ethnic or cultural discrimination. Naturally film industry should do what it has to do. However the projects should be based on historical documents instead of prejudice, or else, it would be nothing but a historical mistake. Historical incidents, which "Ararat" claims to be based on, can be found accurately in the Ottoman archives, which are open for use by anybody. I think you, as a reputable company, should research all materials including the Ottoman archives as an initial step for this project. I wonder why you recklessly offend two neighboring countries and ignore a nation of a population of 70 millions. The events, which took place between 1915 and 1920, cannot be defined as "genocide". The Ottoman Empire has a reputation on being tolerant to its citizens. It took part in the World War I and in 1914 it waged war against Russia in the eastern front. Meanwhile the Armenian citizens were also fighting against the Ottoman troops. The Ottoman Army was stuck between two enemy fronts and having legal right to defend itself, the government had to deport the Armenians in that area to Syria while no other Armenians living in various parts of Anatolia were forced to deport. Deportation is a legal right, which is put into practice by governments when necessary. Unfortunately, during the deportation some people were killed because of circumstances. According to Ottoman official archives, the Armenian population living in the Ottoman Empire in 1914 is approximately 1.300.000. The number of Armenians killed during the war is nearly 300.000. Strikingly, the number of Turks killed by the Armenians between 1906 and 1922 were around 517.455. Below are some scholarly references on this subject: Justin McCarthy; "Death and Exile" Bruce Fein; "An Armenian And Muslim Tragedy? Yes, Genocide? No" Philips Price; "A History of Turkey" Clair Price; "The Rebirth of Turkey" Besides, genocide must be considered as a legal issue. The Armenian issue cannot be described as "genocide" when the description of The United Nations is taken into account. The 19-article 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, states that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law. It defines genocide as "any of the acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, including by killing its members; causing them serious bodily or mental harm; deliberately inflicting on a group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; and forcibly transferring children of the group to another group". According to this description, we cannot talk about genocide. There has been no proof that demonstrates the government "planned" to destroy the Armenians at all. However the film "Ararat" is based on a genocide theme, which is incompatible with the definition accepted by United Nations. I am vigorously protesting your company because of producing a film fomenting hatred. I urge you to reconsider your marketing plans regarding this movie in the light of historical facts. Your actions run the serious risk of motivating me and other Turkish audience to see other companies' films instead of Miramax and Walt Disney productions. Best regards, ********************************************************* The above message was distributed to the "ANCA News" list. If you received this message in error or would like to be removed from the list, send an e-mail with "Please Remove" in the subject heading to anca@anca.org. Please accept our apologies for any inconvenience this may have caused. Please forward this message only to friends and family, who you know would be interested in this issue. Please note that sending unsolicited e-mail is considered "spam" and is illegal. If you know of other activists who would be interested in receiving press releases and news items on issues of concern to the Armenian American community, please e-mail their name, address and e-mail to anca@anca.org with the note "Please add" in the subject heading. We will be happy to add them to our list. *********************************************************

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HAgarag it's not pro-turkish it's PRO+++turkish and one more think last fallow the original topic. MOvses

Artour ? proper clothes -do they need have some sort of uniform on ??? and whets PROPER to you Arthur ??? >>> having a good make up etc <<< I was under impression that you do not like nothing that's not natural.

Hagarag is he a turk ?? ->bellthecat<-

www.Kotayknights.com Dear Compatriots, Let me begin by inviting you all to the next Kotayk Night which will take place this Friday, March 1st at 7 PM. It will be held at the Blue Jug in the Glendale Marketplace between Brand Blvd. and Maryland Avenue. Blue Jug is the latest of the Glendale institutions serving our beloved Kotayk and Kilikia (K2) beers. Check out www.kotayknights for pictures form our last K-Night where over 45 kotaykers were present (LETS TOP THAT NUMBER THIS TIME!!). The management at Blue Jug has also offered to provide our group with discounts on Kotyak as well as dinner. But our work is not done. We must strive till we see the day when a bar is not a bar if it does not serve Kotayk. The day when Kotayk is written on race cars in the Indi 500. The day when we turn on MSNBC and see the green KOT ticker sign run across our TV screens. Ok, I guess we need to start a little smaller than that. We have recently spoken to the management at Ichiban sushi (in Glendale) and Clancy’s Crab Broiler to begin serving K2. According to them if enough interest is shown they will take all steps in acquiring it. So your job is not only to part take in the consumption of Kotayk but also to take the active role of encouraging these guys to serve it as well. Please take a moment to make a phone call and let your voice be heard, or even better if you happen to be eating dinner there ask if they serve it and make sure the manager knows you would like it. The Kotayk Knight Blue Jug TV Sport Bar Glendale Marketplace 118 South Brand Blvd Glendale, CA 91204 818-242-4266

Thank you bellthecat

Vahan jan - point of the article was - why is the Jewish symbol on Sevak's Grave. yev sa voch te harts er iyl boroq, te inchu Paruyr Sevaki Shirmaqari mot hryai nshan ka. de patasxan@ te inchu ka arden imatsanq, isk yerkrod@ te sa hryai nshan e te voch kimanam shat shutov hesa mi hat Rabbi em kanchelu mot@s [ February 25, 2002: Message edited by: PandukhT ]

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sakayn yes norits chem haskanum te inchu e indz mot t@pavorvats te sa hryaneri n@shan e. de lav yes sxalvetsy ba et terty xmbagir@? ba hodvats gror@?? te iysnun momakali 7 momerov`n el ka ??? deinch pntrem, sharunakem tesnem inch durs k@ga. 7 Branch Brass Hanukah http://auction2.inetu.net/member/monarchipark/hannaka.jpg isk sa el 7 momeri hamar e, lseq liovin molorvetsy hima arden, saranq ban u gorts chunen momakalner en hnarum. [ February 25, 2002: Message edited by: PandukhT ]

Shnorhakale me batsatrutyan hamar, inchpes nayev informatsyai. sakayn harstnelov im hrya barekamnerin haskatsa hetevyal@ vro irents mot aveli shat ogtagortsvum e 9 momerits baxkatsats momakal@, - >> http://www.imgegrt.com/product/thumbs/2011420t.gif http://www.imgegrt.com/product/thumbs/3001009t.gif http://www.judaicany.com/imagesjg/MenorahElectric_EM1010_57-50.jpg sik hryaner@ iysopes en batsatrum n@ra imast@ >>> . IntroductionPrint section Hanukkah (Hebrew for “dedication”), annual festival of the Jewish people celebrated on eight successive days. It begins on the 25th day of Kislev, the third month of the Jewish calendar, corresponding, approximately, to December in the Gregorian calendar. Hanukkah is also known as the Festival of Lights, Feast of Dedication, and Feast of the Maccabees. II. HistoryPrint section Hanukkah commemorates the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem by Judas Maccabee in 165 BC. Advertisement Rededication was necessary because Antiochus IV Epiphanes, king of Syria and overlord of Palestine, had profaned (defiled) the temple. In 168 BC, on a date corresponding approximately to December 25 in the Gregorian calendar, the temple was dedicated to the worship of the pagan god Zeus Olympius by order of Antiochus, who forbade the practice of Judaism. An altar to Zeus was set up on the high altar. When Judas Maccabee recaptured Jerusalem three years later, he had the temple purged and a new altar put up in place of the desecrated one. The temple was then rededicated to God with festivities that lasted eight days (see 1 Maccabees chapters 3 and 4). According to tradition, only a one-day supply of nondesecrated olive oil could be found for the rededication, but that small quantity burned miraculously for eight days. Jews commemorate this event by lighting candles for the eight nights of Hanukkah. The principal source for the story of Hanukkah is the Talmud. III. Modern Celebration of Hanukkah Print section The principal feature of present-day Hanukkah celebrations is the lighting of candles, one the first night, two the second, and so on until eight candles have been lit in a special candelabrum called a menorah. A Hanukkah menorah has eight branches and a holder for an extra candle that is used to light the others. (A seven-branched menorah that also has its origins in biblical times is now a symbol for the state of Israel.) A blessing is said each night as the Hanukkah candles are lit. Hanukkah is a festive family occasion, with special foods and songs. Children generally receive small gifts or money, known as Hanukkah gelt (money), each evening after the candles are lit. Foods fried in oil, such as latkes (potato pancakes) and doughnuts, commemorate the miracle of the oil. Sweet foods also are popular, and children may receive chocolate coins in place of Hanukkah gelt. Songs also play a part in the festivities and remind the family of the events commemorated. Traditionally, Hanukkah was one of the only times that rabbis permitted games of chance. Children sometimes play games with a spinning top called a dreidel during the eight days of the festival. Before play, each player puts a certain number of coins, candies, or another object into a “pot.” One player then spins the dreidel. Each of the four sides of the dreidel bears a letter of the Hebrew alphabet, and the side that lands up when the dreidel stops spinning indicates which part of the pot the player will receive. The Hebrew letter nun indicates “nothing”; the letter gimel, “all”; hei, “half”; and shin, “put in” or “match the pot.” Over time, these letters came to stand for the Hebrew phrase Nes gadol haya sham (“A great miracle happened there”). Children also play by guessing which letter will appear when the dreidel stops, with the winner claiming the pot. In Israel, the letter pei, for the word po (“here”), is substituted for shin on the dreidel, changing the resulting phrase to “A great miracle happened here.” Contributed By: Saul Lieberman, M.A., D.H.L., Ph.D. Late Distinguished Service Professor of Talmud and Rector of the Rabbinical School, Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Author of Greek in Jewish Palestine and Hellenism in Jewish Palestine.