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Numbers Game


Arpa

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I post this here, under National,due to my alletgy to the Topic of the G, and not under History, since it is not yet "history", it is alive and kicking.

The Numbers Game, Strip poker.

Shall we play poker, to see who can bid higher or for that matter lower. Btw I don’t know how to play poker since, besides it not being a game, it is how one can lie and cheat. I never learned how to lie and cheat.

This is kind of long, please bear with me.

To me, the lesson is, to never get into “numbers” debate.

How many times have I pleaded to please not talk about numbers with those SOB‘s!

Who, beside some idiots ever argue the number of holohoax victims? Does Berlin argue about the numbers?

Why do some of us get engaged in debates like “was it 1.5 Million or 1.4999,999?

Is it because killing one person is MURDER, but MURDERING tens of millions of unarmed peasants is an “act of war”, a “ collateral damage”?

Look at the numbers below, and see why they were manipulated and under-overestimated, each party for their own reasons. The Armenian Patriarchate underestimated it to avoid per capita taxes, wheile the other did the same to show an overwhelming demography..

According to the (anonymous) author 4 million of those days would interpolate to ca. 30 million today.

Not to forget the lives of the likes of Varoujan, Zohrab and Komitas + 400 of our best minds, whose lives would be worth billions today.

As attested by the editor below we don’t know who the writer is, but look at his numerical accounting.

And, please refrain arguing numbers by those shunshanodis, as stated above “only a certain number qualifies it as a genocide” and as long as there still are Armenians scattered here and there, some even under the black skirt of mutafoghlu, it was not a GENOCIDE, i.e total annihilation of a geno-race.

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Մենք այսօր ցանկանում ենք անդրադառնալ այս հարցին, որը ոմանց թվում է վաղուց հայտնի ճշմարտություն եւ այն քննարկման ենթակա չէ: Խոսքը 1915-1923 թթ. թուրքերի ոչնչացրած հայերի թվի մասին է, որը հայ մասնագետները Մեծ եղեռն են անվանում, ի տարբերություն ավելի վաղ կատարված մյուս կոտորածների:

Երբ խոսք է լինում 1915-1923 թթ. Թուրքիայում բնաջնջված հայերի թվի մասին, ապա ե՛ւ հայ, ե՛ւ օտար հեղինակները ընդգծում են՝ մեկ միլիոնից ավելի կամ մոտ մեկ ու կես միլիոն կամ մեկ եւ կես միլիոնից ավելի հայերի ոչնչացման մասին միայն:

Բայց հազվադեպ են այն մասնագետները, որոնք կասկածի տակ են առնում շրջանառության մեջ մտած այս թվերը եւ փորձում են ուղղել նվազագույնի իջեցված վերոհիշյալ թվերը, սրբագրել եւ դարձնել մոտ երկու միլիոն:

Հավանաբար թուրքերը քմծիծաղ են տալիս նվազնագույն մեկ եւ կես միլիոն բնաջնջված հայերի «հեքիաթը» լսելիս, որը ոչ մի կապ չունի մեր մարդկային կորուստների իրական թվի հետ:

Իհարկե, նրանք համաձայն չեն նաեւ նվազագույն «մեկ ու կես միլիոն» հայերի ոչնչացման հետ, առարկելով, որ մինչեւ եղեռնը Թուրքիայում հազիվ մեկ միլիոն հայ էր բնակվում, ուստի ինչպե՞ս կարող էին ոչնչացվածները մեկ ու կես միլիոն լինել:

Մինչդեռ իրականությունն այլ է: Մինչեւ Եղեռնը Թուրքիայում բնակվող հայերի եւ մյուս ոչ մուսուլման ազգերի՝ փոքրամասնությունների վիճակագրական փաստերը միշտ էլ ներկայացվել են նվազագույն թվերով:

Ճշմարտությանն ավելի մոտիկ են Հայոց պատրիարքարանի տվյալները, սակայն դրանք եւս հեռու են ճշմարտություն լինելուց:

Իմիջիայլոց ասենք, որ հայ բնակչության թիվը նվազեցվել է հայերի եւ թուրքերի կողմից երկուստեք:

Անտանելի բարձր հարկերից խուսափելու նպատակով հայերը, ընտանիքի անդամներին քիչ ցույց տալու նպատակով, ամուսնացած տղաների ընտանիքները ներկայացնում էին հայրական տան հետ միասնաբար, որով նրանք համարվում էին մեկ ծուխ:

Իսկ թուրքերը, քանի որ իրենց նվաճած Անատոլիայում դարեր շարունակ փոքրամասնություն էին հայերի, հույների, ասորիների նկատմամբ՝ մարդահամարի տվյալներում նվազեցնում էին տեղաբնիկ քրիստոնյաների եւ հատկապես հայերի տվյալները: Իսլամ բնակչության վերաբնակեցումներ էին կատարում՝ Եվրոպայից բերելով ալբանացիների եւ թուրքական այլ ցեղերի, իսկ Կովկասից՝ չեչենների, չերքեզների եւ այլն, կամ փոփոխում էին վիլայեթների սահմանները, որպեսզի հարեւան վիլայեթի մուսուլմանների հաշվին բարձրանար նվազ մուսուլմաններով նվազ բնակեցված շրջանների մուսուլմանների թիվը՝ ցույց տալու համար Եվրոպային, որ Թուրքիան բնակեցված է թուրքերով :

Բացի դրանից՝ մարդահամարի տվյալները հրապարակում էին կրոնական սկզբունքով, շեշտելով մուսուլմանների գերազանցությունը տվյալ կազայում կամ վիլայեթում:

Այնուամենայնիվ, ինչպես նշեցինք, ճշմարտությանն ավելի մոտիկ են Պոլսի պատրիարքարանի տվյալները, ըստ որոնց մինչեւ եղեռնը Թուրքիայում երեք միլիոնից ավելի հայ էր բնակվում:

Մորիս Լըվեյրն իր «Սասունի կոտորածը» գրքում Թուրքիայի հայ բնակչության թիվը 4 միլիոն է համարում, լորդ Քերզոնը՝ 3 միլիոն, «Պարի մատչը»՝ 2,4 միլիոն, Մորգենթաուն՝ 2 միլիոնից ավելի, Մագ դը Մորգանը՝ 2 միլիոն 380 հազար, Մորիս Պեռնը՝ 2,5 միլիոն, բելգիացի Հոլեն Ժեկմենը՝ 2 մլն 400 հազար:

Եթե չխոսենք 16, 17, 18-րդ դարերի հոծ հայկական բնակչություն ունեցող վեց վիլայեթների մասին, որ «Էրմենիստան էյլայեթի» էր անվանվում թուրքապետության մեջ, այստեղ 86-98 տոկոս էին կազմում հայերը: Անգամ պարբերական ջարդերից հետո էլ պատրիարքարանի տվյալներով հայերի թիվն անցնում էր 40 տոկոսից:

Այժմ, երբ հրապարակի վրա են գրեթե բոլոր հայաբնակ բնակավայրերի մանրամասն տվյալները, կարող ենք պնդել, որ իսկապես մինչեւ եղեռնը Թուրքիայում մոտ 4 միլիոն հայ է բնակվել:

Այսպես, միայն Կիլիկիայում բնակվող հայերի թիվը, ըստ պատրիարքարանի 1912 թ. վիճակագրության տվյալների, եղել է 407 հազար՝ Ադանայի վիլայեթի, Մարաշի, Սանջաքի եւ Այնթապի կազայի հետ միասին: Բնական աճով մինչեւ Եղեռնը այս թիվն արդեն հասնելու էր 500 հազարի:

Կես միլիոնից ավելի հայ բնակչություն կար Պոլսում, Իզմիրում, Բութանիայում, Մարմարա ծովի եզերքի գաղթօջախներում՝ Ռոդոսթոյում, Ադրիանապոլսում, Ռումելիում, Նիկոմեդիայում եւ այլն: Մոտ 1 միլիոն Կաստեմոնիի, Տրապիզոնի, Գյումուշհանեի սանջակներում, մեկ եւ կես միլիոն՝ 6 վիլայեթներում, Մշո, Սասունի, Տարոնի, Գամիրքի, Դերսիմի եւ հարակից շրջաններում կես միլիոնից ավելի, Տիգրանակերտում, Վերին եւ Ներքին Բասեններում, Խարբերդում եւ այլն: Կոպիտ հաշվումներով՝ լրանում է 4 միլիոնը:

Թեեւ շատերն են կասկածի ենթարկել Եղեռնի ընթացքում բնաջնջված հայ բնակչության նվազեցված թիվը, սակայն ոչ ոք չի փորձել ի մի բերել վերապրողների կողմից հրապարակված մատյանների տվյալները, որոնցում ամենայն մանրամասնությամբ տրված են բոլոր գյուղերի բնակիչների թիվը՝ տուն առ տուն:

Այնուամենայնիվ՝ հյուպատոսների, դեսպանների, միսիոներների եւ այլ գործիչների տեղեկությունների միջոցով Եվրոպան էլ գիտեր, թե որքան հայ բնակչություն կար Թուրքիայում: 1922 թ. Անտանտի պետությունները հոկտեմբերին Լոզան հրավիրեցին Թուրքիայի պատվիրակներին՝ հաշտության պայմանագիր կնքելու համար: Երբ այնտեղ ազգային փոքրամասնություններին մի անկյուն հատկացնելու հարցն էր քննարկվում, Թուրքիայի պատվիրակության ղեկավար Իսմեթ Ինենյուն հայտարարեց, որ Թուրքիայի ամեն մի պատառ հողը բնակեցված է միայն թուրքերով, լռության մատնելով թեկուզ չնչին բանակով Կիլիկիայում գտնվող 130 հազար հայերի փաստը:

Անգլիայի պատվիրակության ղեկավար լորդ Քերզոնը Իսմեթ Ինենյու փաշային այսպիսի մի հարց ուղղեց. «Ինչպե՞ս պատահեց, որ Թուրքիայում ապրող 3 միլիոն հայերից ընդամենը 130 հազարն է մնացել»: Իհարկե, այդ պահին արդեն դատարկվել էր հայերից նաեւ Կիլիկիան՝ վերջին ապաստանը հայոց, ուր հիմնական բնակչությունը միայն հայեր են եղել:

Այսպիսով, Կիլիկիայի պարպումով հայաթափ եղավ ամբողջ Թուրքիան: ՄԱԿ-ի՝ ցեղասպանության կոնվեցիայի ձեւակերպման մեջ ասված է. «Ցեղասպանություն է համարվում նաեւ որեւէ ժողովրդի արտաքսումը իր պապենական հողերից»: Մասնագետները երբեմն մոռանում են թուրքերի՝ նաեւ Արեւելյան Հայաստանում կատարած մաքրագործումների ժամանակ ոչնչացված ավելի քան 300 հազար զոհերի մասին, որը նույնպես պիտի գումարվի Թուրքիայում բնաջնջվածների թվին:

Ռուսական զորքերի հետ շուրջ 350 հազար հայություն դուրս եկավ Թուրքիայից՝ սփռվելով Անդրկովկասում: Նրանք Մուշից, Սասունից, Կարսից, Վանից, Բասեններից մազապուրծ հայերն էին, որոնց մի մասը ճանապարհին զոհ գնաց քուրդերի, չեչենների, չեթեների, վայրենաբարո թուրք բնակչության հարձակումներին, կամ սովից, ծարավից, հիվանդություններից, անօթեւան դեգերումներից եւ վերջապես տիֆից ու խոլերայից սպառվեցին: Ականատեսները պատմում են, որ Էջմիածնի եւ Երեւանի փողոցներից ամեն առավոտ սայլերով հարյուրավոր դիակներ էին փոխադրում: Մորգենթաուի, Լեփսիուսի, Բրայսի, մյուս միսիոներների եւ ականատեսների վկայությունները լեցուն են զարհուրելի դեպքերի մանրամասներով: Ահա թե ինչպիսի բնութագրություն է տալիս Մորգենթաուն թուրք ազգի սադիստական էության մասին. «Զարհուրելի դեպքերի մանրամասները թողնելով՝ անգլիախոս հասարակությունը կարող չէ ճշգրտորեն հասկանալ, թե ինչ է այն ազգը, որ թուրք ենք անվանում: Անցյալի մեծագույն ջարդերը, հալածանքները գրեթե աննշան կ,թվին՝ բաղդատելով 1915 թ. հայ ցեղին կրած տառապանքներուն հետ» (266-267):

Նա դեռ ականատես եղավ այդ սոսկալի տառապանքների սկզբին միայն: Նրա ծառայություններն ավարտվեցին 1915 թվականի վերջերին: Հասնելով ԱՄՆ, 1918 թ. հրատարակեց իր հուշերը, որը Հայոց եղեռնի մասին եղած գրքերի մեջ ամենամանրամասն եւ ամենասարսռազդեցիկն է: Նրա գիրքը լեցուն է Գերմանիայի՝ հայոց ջարդերի վերաբերյալ բացասական դերի մերկացման բազմաթիվ գնահատականներով: Մեկ ու կես միլիոն հայերի ոչնչացման լուրերը միայն 1915 թվականի դեպքերին էին վերաբերում: Իսկ Եղեռնը շարունակվեց եւս 8 տարի՝ տարածվելով մինչեւ Արեւելյան Հայաստան ու Անդրկովկաս: Հայկական հարցը ջարդերով լուծելու Սուլթան Համիդի գործելակերպի էստաֆետն ընդունեցին իթթիհատականները եւ ապա՝ Քեմալը, որն ավելի պակաս հայակեր չեղավ, քան իր արյունակից նախորդները: Գալով իշխանության, Էրզրումի համաժողովում Մ. Քեմալը հայտարարեց. «Մեր երկիրը գտնվում է երկու վտանգի առջեւ՝ հունական վտանգը եւ հայկական վտանգը»:

Նա կոչ էր անում պայքարել այդ երկու վտանգների դեմ՝ 6 վիլայեթներում՝ հայկական եւ Տրապիզոնի ու հարակից շրջաններում՝ հունական պետություն ստեղծելու դեմ: Իսկ պայքարել՝ նշանակում էր շարունակել հայերի բնաջնջումը եւ արտաքսումը պապենական հողերից: Էրզրումի համաժողովի հռչակագրի 2-րդ եւ 4-րդ կետերում կոչ էր արվում «պաշտպանել հայրենիքը հունական եւ հայկական պետություններ ստեղծելու վտանգից»: Եվ ահա, եթե իթթիհատականների սրից հրաշքով մազապուրծ ինչ-որ տեղ հայեր էին մնացել, նա ձեռնամուխ եղավ այդ խլյակների ոչնչացման գործին, եւ ինչպես հետագայում առիթ եղավ, նաեւ Անդրկովկասում եղող հայերի ոչնչացման գործին:

Լենինի դավաճանական գործունեության պատճառով համաշխարհային պատերազմը բազմաթիվ զոհերի գնով շահած Ռուսաստանը դարձավ պարտված երկիր: Լենինն ի չիք դարձրցեց նաեւ Կովկասյան ռազմաճակատում Ռուսական կայսրության նվաճումները, որի պատճառով ռուս զինվորների եւ հայ կամավորների կյանքի գնով պատմական Հայաստանի ազատագրված տարածքները, առանց որեւէ կրակոցի, վերադարձվեցին Թուրքիային: Դա տեղի ունեցավ Բրեստ-Լիտովսկի հաշտության պայմանագրով, որն աղետալի հետեւանքներ ունեցավ հայ ժողովրդի համար: Ռուսական զորքը սկսեց դուրս գալ գրավյալ տարածքներից, առանց կրակոցի թուրքերին հանձնվեց Կարսի անառիկ ամրոցը՝ այնտեղ ամբարված ողջ զինամթերքով, հանդերձանքով ու պարենամթերքով: Կարսի բերդի հանձնումը ճանապարհ բացեց թուրքերի համար դեպի Անդրկովկաս ու Արեւելյան Հայաստան: Սկսվեց թուրքական արշավանքը (ինտերվենցիան) Հայաստանում: Թուրքերը հետապնդում էին երկու նպատակ՝ նախ լիակատար ոչնչացնել հայ ժողովրդին եւ երկրորդ՝ ուղի հարթել պանթուրքիզմի գաղափարների համար դեպի Միջին Ասիա: 1918-1922 թթ. ինտերվենցիան Հայաստանում լկտիորեն պատճառաբանում էին՝ որպես թե Անդրկովկասի մասին ոչինչ չի ասված Բրեստ-Լիտովսկի հաշտության պայմանագրում: Նույն ձեւով էլ նրանք հետագայում չհարգեցին Բաթումի պայմանագիրը: Գյումրիի երկաթգծով շարժվեցին դեպի Գյանջա, Բաքու եւ Երեւանից դեպի Նախիջեւան-Բաքու գծով նույնպես սկսեցին երկրի բնակչության կոտորածն ու բարիքների թալանը: Ռուսական զորքերի հետ Թուրքիայից Անդրկովկաս-Հայաստան եկած գաղթականների մեծ մասը նորից սրատվեց թուրք ասկյարների կողմից տեղացի հայերի հետ միասին: Թուրքերի ձեռագիրը մնում էր նույնը. չէին խնայում ո՛չ ծերերին, ո՛չ կանանց, ո՛չ մանուկներին: Նրանք, հավաքելով 600 մանուկների եւ 18 տարեկան երիտասարդների, Սադախլոյում ոչնչացրին բոլորին: Կոտորածներ սարքելով իրենց ճանապարհին, նրանք անցան Գյանջա, Շամխոր, Շամախի, Զաքաթալա, Արեշ, Բաքու, Խանքենդ եւ Բաքվում տուն առ տուն ման էին գալիս ու սրի քաշում հայերին, ուր 30 հազարից ավելի զոհեր եղան:

Սրի քաշվեց Ղարաքիլիսան՝ իր 7 գյուղերի հետ միասին : Չխնայեցին անգամ տուն վերադարձող խաղաղ ռուս զինվորներին. Շամխորում նրանց սառնասրտորեն կոտորեցին մինչեւ վերջին զինվորը: Հետագայում թուրքական բանակի զորահրամանատար Քյազիմ բեյը՝ խաղաղ բնակիչներ կոտորելու մեջ հմտացած, գիրք գրեց. «Ինչպե՞ս ոչնչացրի Հայաստանը» վերնագրով: Շուրջ երկու տարի արյան մեջ էր գտնվում Արեւելյան Հայաստանը՝ մինչեւ Սարդարապատի ճակատամարտը: Թուրքերը ոչնչացնում էին ոչ միայն մարդկանց, այլեւ քայքայում ու թալանում էին հայ ժողովրդի ստեղծած բարիքները, հարյուրավոր հակերով արտահանության համար պատրաստ բամբակը, ձիերը, անասունները, երկաթուղային վագոններն ու շոգեքարշերը, անգամ դռներն ու լուսամուտները եւ այլն: Որպեսզի սովի մատնվի բնակչությունը, նրանք թույլ չտվեցին հնձել Սարդարապատ-Դարվազ-Իգդիր տարածքի ցորենի բերքը: «Ստիպված եպիսկոպոս Մեսրոպը, վտանգի ենթարկելով իր կյանքը, գնաց Թբիլիսի՝ գերմանական ռազմական միսիայի նախագահ ֆոն Կրեսսի մոտ՝ հունձ կատարելու թույլտվություն ստանալու նպատակով, այլապես գաղթականների հետ միասին մոտ 650 հազար բնակչություն կանգնած էին սովի մատնվելու վտանգի առջեւ»,- գրում է Լեփսիուսը:

Այնուամենայնիվ, հայերին ոչնչացնելու սադիստական գործողություններն այնքան սահմռկեցուցիչ են եղել, որ իրենք՝ թուրքերն էլ բառեր չեն գտել դրանք որակելու համար: Չանկըրիի թուրք բնակչության մեծամեծներն ու ավագանիները, մուֆթին դիմում են քաղաքագլխին՝ Ռեշիդ փաշային. «Շրջակա վիլայեթներից հայերին, իրենց երեխաների հետ, մորթոտվող անասունների նման քշում են մոտակա լեռները եւ այնտեղ կոտորում. մենք չենք ուզում, որ մեր վիլայեթներում այդպիսի բան կատարվի. մենք վախենում ենք աստծո ցասումից: Պետությունը ոչ թե դաժանությամբ է կառավարվում, այլ բանականությամբ: Խնդրում ենք, որպեսզի մեր վիլայեթում այդպիսի կոտորածներ տեղի չունենան»:

Սա բացառիկ մի դեպք է, քանի որ սպանություններին եւ թալանին ամբողջ թուրք բնակչությունն էր իր մասնակցություն բերում:

Առանձնահատուկ դաժան ղեկավարներից է եղել Բեհաեդդին Շաքիրը, որ հավաքագրելով մահապատժի դատապարտված հանցագործների, մարդասպանների խմբերը, ընդգրկել է նաեւ ժանդարմերիան՝ օրինականացնելով հայոց հարստության թալանն ու յուրացումը: Անձնապես հսկայական հարստությունների տիրացան պարագլուխները: Նաեւ օգտագործելով հարմար պահը, սկսեցին խաբել ու թալանել սեփական թուրք ժողովրդին՝ մուծումներ կատարել տալով:

Թուրքիայի ռազմական արտակարգ Ատյանի մեղադրական եզրակացության մեջ արձանագրված է. «Հատուկ օրենքի համաձայն այլ վայրեր տարագրվողների քարավանները ենթարկվել են հատուկ նպատակով կազմակերպված հրոսակախմբերի հարձակումներին եւ ոչնչացվել, իսկ նրանց ունեցվածքն ու կահկարասին ենթարկվել կողոպուտի:

Առանձին մի համայնք կազմող ամբողջ ժողովրդին այդ ձեւով կոտորելը, բնաջնջվելը եւ ունեցվածքի հափշտակությունը մտահղացվել եւ իրագործվել է կուսակցության այդ գաղտնի խմբավորման արնախում մարդկանց կողմից»: Եվ այդ խմբավորման պարագլուխներն են եղել կուսակցության կենտրոնական կոմիտեի անդամներ Բեահետդին Շաքիրը, դոկտոր Նազըմը, Ռիզա եւ Աթիկ բեյերը: Վերծանված հեռագրերից եւ ծածկագրերից պարզվում է, որ այս չարագործ հանձնախումբը իշխող դիրք է ունեցել պետության վրա, իսկ կառավարությունն էլ պարզ խաղալիք է դարձել նրանց մտահղացումները իրագործելու հարցում:

Անգամ Գերմանիայի հետ Անտանտի երկրներին պատերազմ հայտարարելը կատարվել է նրանց կողմից առանց Մեջլիսի հավանության: Այս եւ շատ այլ չարագործություններ բացահայտվեցին եւ հրապարակվեցին 1919 թ. հունվարի 8-ին Կ. Պոլսում սուլթան Մեհմեդ 6-րդ Վահետդինի (1918-1922) հատուկ հրամանագրով Ռազմական արտակարգ ատյանի ստեղծման շնորհիվ, որը կոչված էր քննելու եւ բացահայտելու երիտթուրքերի կատարած չարագործությունները, նախարարների ապօրինի գործողությունները:

Դատական նիստերը տեղի ունեցան 1919 թ. ապրիլի 28-ից մինչեւ հունիսի 26-ը ընդամենը կայացավ 6 նիստ: 7-րդ նիստը ընդհատվեց մի քանի ամսով, անգլիացիների անպատասխանատու քմահաճ վերաբերմունքի պատճառով, որոնք ձերբակալված գլխավոր 71 հանցագործներին տեղափոխեցին Մալթա կղզի, հազարավոր հանցագործներից ընդամենը դատապարտվեցին 18 հոգի: Հանցագործ իթթիհատականների մեծ մասը դիմեց փախուստի, հետագայում Քեմալի օրոք արժանանալով պաշտոնների եւ անգամ մեծարվեցին որպես ազգային հերոսներ:

Անգլիացիների քմահաճ վերաբերմունքի հետեւանքով այս հանցագործ պարագլուխները ամբողջ օրը տարված էին կերուխումով եւ շատերը փախան՝ խույս տալով արդարադատությունից: Անգլիացիները հավանաբար մեծ կաշառքների գնով ազատ արձակեցին բոլորին՝ իբրեւ թե փոխանակելով նրանց իրենց 25 գերի ընկած զինվորների հետ: Այսպիսի ծաղր ու ծանակով ավարտվեց հանցագործ երիտթուրքական պարագլուխների դատավարությունը: Ոմանք դատվեցին հեռակա կարգով՝ Թալեաթը, Էնվերը, Նազմին, Բեահետդինը, Ջեւդեթը եւ այլք:

Եթե արտակարգ ռազմական այս ատյանի եզրակացությունները հայերի նկատմամբ կատարված ցեղասպանություն խոստովանություն չէին, ուրիշ ի՞նչ էին դրանք, որ այժմ՝ 90 տարի անց, թուրքերը որպես իրավահաջորդներ, ուրանալով 4 միլիոն հայերի բնաջնջումն ու արտաքսումը իրենց դարավոր հայրենիքից, ցանկանում են պատմաբանների հանձնաժողովի միջոցով որոշել ցեղասպանություն եղե՞լ է, թե՞ չէ: Իբրեւ թե նրանք բացել են բոլոր արխիվները՝ քաջ գիտակցելով, որ երիտթուրքերի արխիվներն այլեւս գոյություն չունեն. այդ խառը օրերին, «Իթթիհատ վե թերաքքը» կուսակցության արխիվը, որ հանձնաված էր պահպանության կուսակցության քարտուղար Միթհատ Շուքրի Բեյին, որի թողտվությամբ պարագլուխ Նազիմ բեյը սնդուկներով հանդերձ փախուստ տվեց անհայտ ուղղությամբ՝ ճողոպրելով ե՛ւ հատուցումից (կախաղանից), ե՛ւ ոչնչացնելով կուսակցության չարագործ հրամաններն ու հեռագրերը: Որպես երիտթուրքերի չարագործությունների ապացույցներ մնում են Արտակարգ ռազմական ատյանի նիստերի մասին Ստամբուլի արաբատառ թուրքերեն թերթերում այնժամ ամեն օր շարունակաբար տպվող, նաեւ ֆրանսերեն լեզվով հրապարակվող դատավորների՝ հանցագործներին տրվող հարցերի պատասխանները, այսինքն՝ դատական պրոցեսի ողջ ընթացքը, որը շատ քչերին է մատչելի:

Այս հարցով զբաղվող մասնագետներն այս լրագրերի անհետացման մասին են խոսում՝ տարբեր երկրների գրադարաններից:

Շուտով կբոլորի հայոց մեծ ողբերգության հարյուրամյակը: Նվազագույն հաշվումներով բնաջնջված 4 միլիոն հայերն այսօր բնականոն աճով դառնալու էին 35-40 միլիոն: Ամենասարսափելի դաժավնությամբ եւ սադիզմով կատարված հայ ժողովրդի ոչնչացումը ոչ մի տեսակ հատուցմամբ չի կարելի փակել, երբ նույն անամոթությամբ թուրքերը հերքում են կատարած սարսափելի հանցանքները: Վկաներից գրի առնված սարսափազդու դրվագների հետ, Մորգենթաուն բերում է նաեւ Պոլսի ոստիկանապես Պետրիի վկայությունները, թե ինչպես իրենց նիստերում իթթիհատականները ողջունում էին չարչարանքների այն նոր գյուտերը (ձեւերը), որ հորինողները ներկայացնում էին ժողովականներին: Նա պատմում է, որ հատուկ ուսումնասիրվեցին իսպանական միջնադարյան հավատաքննության մեթոդներն էլ, ուսումնասիրվեցին եւ որդեգրվեցին: Չարչարանքներ հնարելու նողկալի մրցանակը շահեց Վանի ապստամբությունը ճնշել փորձող Ջեւդետ բեյ Վալին, որը ստացավ «Բաշկալեի պայտառի» կոչումը՝ մարդկանց պայտելու հնարամտության համար (Մորգենթաու, էջ 255):

Այժմ խոսենք Եղեռնից հետո հրատարակված հուշամատյանների, գրքերի, ուսումնասիրությունների ընձեռած տվյալներով, որոնք ամենահավաստին են եւ անժխտելին:

Այսպես Ռ. Բաղրամյանի հրատարակած «Դերսիմի բարբառային քարտեզը» գրքում բնակչության թիվը բերված է ըստ ընտանիքների եւ ըստ ընտանիքի անդամների թվի: Ընտանիքների անդամների թիվը եղել է 4-5-ից մինչեւ 10-12. մենք միջին նվազագույնն ենք ընտրում՝ 6 հոգի, այսինքն՝ տատ ու պապ, հայր ու մայր եւ 2 երեխա: Այսպես, Չմշկածագը՝ գյուղերով 500 տուն «նվազագույն 6-ով ստացվում 9-10 հազար շունչ, Բերրին՝ իր 35 գյուղերով 1440 տուն, գումարած 650՝ տուն Բերրի կենտրոնը, 2444 տուն՝ մոտ 14 հազար 664 շունչ, Բերդակի գյուղերը՝ 983 տուն՝ մոտ 6 հազար շունչ, Քղին՝ 200 գյուղ, 2676 տուն, 18 հազար 700 շունչ, Դերջան՝ 32 գյուղ, 1307 տուն, 9842 շունչ եւ այլն, սակայն սրանք եղեռնից երեք տարի առաջ եղած վիճակագրության տվյալներն են (80 հազարից ավելի): Իհարկե, մենք ընտանիքների կազմը շատ պակաս թվով հաշվեցինք, ընտանիքներ կային մինչեւ 10-12 երեխաներով, արհեստական վիժումը մեղք էր համարվում:

Սասունի բնակչությունը եղել է մոտ 40 հազար՝ իր 539 գյուղերով (Պետոյան), Խարբերդի բնակչությունը՝ իր 62 գյուղերով, 32 հազար 400 էր: (Ճիզմեջյան), Յոզգաթի (Գամիրքի) բնակչությունը որոշ տվյալներով (ըստ Պատերազմական ատյանի) եղել է 35 հազար, այլ տվյալներով՝ 38 հազար, որը ոչնչացվել է տեղում (գյուղերի հետ):

Վանի վիլայեթում, ուր առաջին անկախ հայոց պետությունը հռչակվեց (տեւեց 72 օր՝ ) Արամ Մանուկյանի գլխավորությամբ, ըստ Մորգենթաուի, 55 հազար հայ կոտորվեց (Մորգենթաու, 244, 249), որոնց դիակները թաղեցին ռուսական զորքերը: Ուրֆայի (Եդեսիայի) զոհերը 28 հազար են, Այնթապի զոհերը՝ 20 հազար, Անկարայի վիլայեթի զոհերը 61 հազար, Կեսարիայի կորուստներ՝ 11 հազար, Դիարբեքիրի կորուստները՝ 15 հազար, Տրապիզոնինը 18 հազար, Սեբաստիայինը՝ (Սըվազ)՝ 30 հազար, Ադանայում՝ 30 հազար, Մալաթիայում՝ 6 հազար, Էսկիշեհիր եւ Յայլա-Մուրադջայում 8 հազար, Ճանիկում, Մալայում, Գյումուշհանեում՝ 12 հազար, Տիվրիկում եւ Տարենտեում՝ 7 հազար: Անհաշիվ զոհերով Տեր Զոր հասած 200 հազար թշվառներին հրամայվեց ոչնչացնել տեղում, Տիգրանակերտում՝ 120 հազար, Ռաս ուլ Այնում՝ 70 հազար, Ազազում տիֆից ոչնչացան 6 հազարից ավելի, Նորկերտում (Մծբին) անհաշիվ զոհեր եղան, Ծովքում խեղդեցին հազարավոր երեխաների եւ տասնյակ հազար մեծահասակների, Դուդենում (Անդունդ) քրդական «Փիա» հանդեսի վկայությամբ, 100 հազար հայեր կենդանի-կենդանի նետվեցին անդունդը, Բասեններից ավելի քան 20 հազար զոհեր եղան, իսկ որքան հնձեց տիֆը (բծավոր), խոլերան, որքան կոտորեցին նահանջի ընթացքում չեչենները, չերքեզները, քուրդերը, չեթենները եւ այլն, չկա որոշակի թիվ:

(*) Սույն հոդվածը, որի թեման խիստ կարեւոր է եւ, տարօրինակորեն, քիչ ուսումնասիրված, հրատարակվում է առանց հեղինակի անվան: Բանն այն է, որ հեղինակը մի քանի ամիս առաջ հոդվածը հանձնել է մեր խմբագրությանը՝ առանց իր անունը կամ որեւէ այլ տվյալ նշելու, ինչը պատճառ դարձավ նաեւ, որ հոդվածի որոշ տվյալներ չկարենանք ճշտել: Թերեւս այս հրապարակումը առիթ տա հեղինակին ի հայտ գալու:- Խմբ.:

© AZG Daily, 2004

 

 

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Just in case the site is removed, I have reproduced the entire debate below.

I have not read the entire article, as I don't want to hear more gobbledigook, but I have read enough to see that those “dirty birds” aka “furkeys” are once again playing with “words” and “numbers”.

Observe below , how some are arguing that until 1948, the Armenians did not use the term “genocide”, instead they used terms like “Mets Yeghern” (catastrophe). Therefore, we cannot use the term “genocide”, but we can say “big catastrophe” just as the Armenian term “Mets Yeghern”.

Pray tell!

What did they call the “INTERNET” in 1915? “smoke signals” or “mule train”?

http://www.keghart.com/op175.htm

Live TV Debate: 32nd Day "On The Apology Statement

Keghart.com

http://www.keghart.com/op175.htm

Dec 26 2008

While every effort is made to accurately reproduce the statements of

participants and give the exact back and forth exchange during the

debate, some omissions are made and the statements that the same

person uttered at slightly different points of the conversation

are occasionally combined for brevity. Any comments and corrections

regarding the translation and/or the transcript are welcome. Mete Pamir

Participants:

For: Dr. Cengiz Aktar; Ret. Ambassador Temel İskit and Journalist

Oral CalıÅ~_lar

Against: Ret. Ambassador Å~^ukru Elekdag MP CHP, Ret. Ambassador

Deniz BölukbaÅ~_ı MP MHP, and Ret. Ambassador Candan Azer

Birand: Welcome. Tonight, we're going to discuss a very important issue

that is older than the Republic, a discussion that is condemned to

irresolution for 93 years. A group of our intellectuals have started a

campaign regarding what Ottoman Armenians went through in 1915. We are

going to talk about their apology statement in which they apologize to

our Armenian brothers and sisters. At the root of the issue lies what

happened to the Armenians in 1915: is this a catastrophe, genocide

or deportation? Should we apologize? To whom and for what should

one apologize? We have representatives in our studio who defend two

opposing viewpoints: those who say yes, one should apologize and those

who say no, there is no need for it. I want to begin by asking Cengiz

Aktar first: why are we supposed to apologize, to whom and for what?

Aktar: The apology is already made. 230 intellectuals and

opinion-makers started this campaign and 13.500 citizens of Turkey have

already apologized in two-three days. We apologized for not being able

to talk about this for many years, because it was a monologue for so

long, because we looked at this matter from only one perspective. We

are also apologizing for not being able to share the pain of our

Armenian brothers and sisters to a sufficient extent. This is a very

gentle, altruistic and compassionate message (muÅ~_fik, digerkâm,

and duygudaÅ~_). We don't address ourselves to anyone [to any official

instance], we are addressing the apology to ourselves.

Birand: Yes, a lot of people are asking: are they saying that we have

committed genocide and apologizing for it? Oral CalıÅ~_lar you are

one of those who signed.

CalıÅ~_lar: Genocide term is not used in the statement. Among

the signatories there are also persons who don't think this was

genocide. The apology is about a great catastrophe and pain; it is

directed to those who are not with us any more, to those who cannot

live in Turkey. We apologize for the pain caused to hundreds of

thousands of Armenians, to their children and grandchildren. We are

not saying everyone should share the pain, it is not obligatory: those

who want to share do apologize, those who don't want to don't. The

apology is because this issue could not be discussed for so long. We

lost Hrant Dink for this reason. He was condemned because he said in

the end that there was genocide. He was declared an enemy by certain

quarters in front of the public opinion. And we lost him. It is not

unproblematic in Turkey to say that this was genocide. There are people

who cannot express their opinions and those who, like Dink, expressed

themselves recently and those who expressed themselves also in 1915.

Birand: Let me read the statement for our viewers: "My conscience

does not accept the insensitivity showed to and the denial of the

Great Catastrophe that the Ottoman Armenians were subjected to in

1915. I reject this injustice and for my share, I empathize with the

feelings and pain of my Armenian brothers and sisters. I apologize

to them." The important term here is Great Catastrophe. Armenians

say that Great Catastrophe is genocide.

İskit: I signed the statement hoping that it was a non-political

statement. I signed this as a matter of personal conscience, aa

a matter of freedom of expression and a debt that I felt I owed. I

particularly wanted to show my reaction to the denial. This is a civil

society movement; it is different than the political sphere. This

is not an issue about whether this was a genocide or not... This

statement does not represent a compromise. In that case it would have

been political.

Elekdag: Firstly, they are referring to Great Catastrophe; this is

Metz Yeghern in Armenian. This word is a synonym for genocide. The

difference between the two words is as little as the difference

between mass slaughter and mass killing (kitle katliamı" and kitlesel

öldurme). There is no difference between them. When Metz Yeghern

is used, Armenians understand genocide. When some official person

goes to Armenia, visits the Monument and wishes to condemn genocide

as well as not to offend the Turkish Republic they use Metz Yeghern;

and Armenians accept this. This statement is tantamount to supporting

the genocide campaign of the Armenian Diaspora. It would have been

alright to use terms like great tragedy or pain. The concept of

Great Catastrophe is an established term; it has a loaded meaning

which is very difficult to change. Therefore, it naturally causes

reactions. Secondly, it is important that the statement uses the

word "denial." The word "denial" is commonly used by the Armenian

Diaspora and in Armenia against those who say that there was no

genocide. "Denying" is not a normal word; when "denialist" is used,

those with opposing viewpoints are meant. This is not an innocent

word either. It is part of the jargon used by Armenians...

Aktar: Metz Yeghern is a word from the time of 1915. The term

genocide and its basis in international law is from 1948. From 1915

until 1948, the Armenian people who were subjected to this [calamity]

were of course going to give a name to it. We used the name that they

themselves used [for a long time]. This is not a discussion about

genocide [terminology]. Temel İskit is spot on about this. We are not

going to discuss genocide here, are we? If you are going to boil down

our discussion tonight to whether there was genocide or not, let's

not talk further; let's just end the discussion right here and go home.

Azer: Of course, it is fortunate that the word genocide is not used in

the apology statement. However, as Mr. Elekdag mentioned, even today in

Armenian there is not such a word as genocide. They use Metz Yeghern

instead. For example, when previous Pope went to Armenia and visited

the Genocide Monument, he used the word Metz Yeghern while signing the

memorial book. We were happy about this. Armenians were even happier.

Producer Akar: What does the US President use in April 24? Does he

not use Great Catastrophe?

Elekdag: No, he mentions a tragedy. It is not like Great Catastrophe

has never been used in USA. In fact, it was used. But at that time,

these things were not established to such an extent. There might

have been points of time in the past that Turkey neglected to pay

attention. Today, Metz Yeghern is a totally established term. And it

is synonymous with genocide. It is not possible to understand this

statement any differently. If they don't want this statement to be

interpreted in this way, I think it will be a good idea for them to

prepare an additional statement and declare that they did not intent

to say that it was genocide. The intended meaning in this version is

genocide; it is impossible to understand it otherwise.

CalıÅ~_lar: We're not in a position to give an account of anything

to state officials here (devlet buyuklerine hesap vermek). We're

not on trial here. I can state whatever I like as a citizen. It is

up me alone to decide my intended meaning. Mr. Elekdag can interpret

it his way. This is my right as a citizen. It is important to stress

this because people have been put on trial for these things in this

country. Turkey has done shameful things about these issues (ayıplı

ulkedi). Hrant Dink was put on trial and condemned for violating

Article 301, and look what happened to him in the end. This is very

recent history, not old history.

Elekdag: We're not talking about Hrant Dink. Dink was not only your

friend. He was our friend as well.

Birand: Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı, [leader of your party, MHP] Devlet

Bahceli said that he is ashamed of the individuals who signed the

statement. Are you also ashamed of them?

BölukbaÅ~_ı: Yes, I too am ashamed of them. I should start by

giving an exposition and concrete examples about the wider meaning,

goals and consequences of this initiative. This is not just a one time

or sporadic initiative. It is a new stage in a process that has been

developing for the last two-three years. In tandem with the "virtual"

membership accession to EU, a class of persons who are on staff to

make statements has emerged in Turkey (kadrolu bildiriciler). We are

seeing the same persons again and again in such initiatives regarding

Turkish history, national identity and state structures. They are on

commission to make these things. They are volunteering for these. For

these people, it has been a status symbol to blacken our history --

i.e. a symbol of proving how Western and modern they are. It has

been an academic and political career path to run after the lie of

Armenian genocide. At one time, Armenia officially demanded that

Article 301 was removed so that there could be a lobby to discuss

genocide within Turkey. This was set as a pre-condition for starting

negotiations. Armenia officially forwarded this request to Turkish

Minister of Foreign Affairs. Look, secret negotiations have been going

on with Armenia in Bern for the last two years. At this stage, Armenia

is not putting forward genocide recognition as a pre-condition; they

are calculating that recognition will come in any case during the EU

process; for this reason they are thinking that it is enough to take

steps so that Turkish society itself can face its past. Therefore, to

say that genocide is not used in this statement in no way changes the

meaning and goals of this statement. I want to ask Ambassador İskit:

among the Armenian brothers to whom he apologized, are members of

ASALA included? And also how did he manage to repress his opinions

during all his 40 years in [diplomatic] service?

İskit: I don't think I'm obliged to give an account about my feelings

to my colleague Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı. But, let me explain to you why I

oppose the denial. It is not like I repressed this for years. In my

diplomatic career I gradually realized that there was a big denial and

concealment. I realized that some pages of our history were missing. It

was as if some events had never happened. I did not read anything about

these things in any book or newspaper until the 1980s. Our thinking in

Foreign Affairs developed through stages over several years. It didn't

happen all of a sudden: First, there was a big silence about these

things in the Ministry. I strongly reacted against this. The total

silence about the events evolved into [the claim of] mutual killings

(mukatele) by the slow opening of new pages. My conscience is clear

[about my years in diplomatic service]. The ASALA question: this is an

issue that is continuously brought forward in other contexts as well,

but we shouldn't confuse these two issues. ASALA is a great tragedy

for me personally and for my professional community; but this is not

a matter of two accounts, one offsetting the other (mahsup meselesi

degil). It is not a matter of one tragedy here, another there balancing

each other; it is not a matter of how many people were killed on

our side, and how many on their side. I of course condemn terrorism;

I of course wish that the whole world apologizes for ASALA killings;

but here I'm apologizing for the Great Catastrophe in 1915.

Aktar: There is nothing to respond to in Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı's

comments. You are asking me to respond to his comments about EU? You,

Mehmet Ali Birand, would be much more qualified than me to speak

about EU. But there is a real sociological basis to the observation

that these things are related to the EU process. This is important and

pertains to our recent history. Turkey is in a process of change since

the 1980s, since late Ozal. Turkey was a closed and inward-looking

country until 1983. Especially after 1999, Turkey opened to the world,

the country literally blossomed (kabak cicegi gibi acıldı). And EU

process greatly contributed to this. The djinns are out of the bottle,

and it is not possible to put these back in. People started putting

taboos into question. This is not only the case for the Armenian

issue. It is also true for the rights of women, homosexuals, Alevis. It

is also about honour killings; about Kurdish issue and democratization.

For this reason, we need to look forward, not back. I did not prepare

this statement. 250 people prepared it. This is not a campaign

or petition; it is a statement. Apology statement is the voice of

conscience, because they were not able to speak about this for 90

years. How else could 13.500 Turkish persons (Turk insanı) come out

and apologize in just three days? Everyone should ask this important

question: these people said that they behaved shamefully. These

are important concepts in Anatolia: shame/disgrace (ayıp) and sin

(gunah). Intellectuals do not know [the weight of these concepts]

to a sufficient degree. Anatolians know it. These people came out

into the open.

Elekdag: 30.000 other people came out and said that there is no

such thing. It was in fact possible to discuss a great many of these

issues previously.

Aktar: Let it be so [that 30.000 signed a counter-statement]. What is

important is for these things to be discussed. No, it wasn't possible

to discuss these before.

Azer: Mr. İskit told us that our history was "concealed" from us

(saklandı). I don't think concealed is the right word. Of course, the

events of 1915 were not taught to us neither in primary school nor at

the universities. It is more correct to say that we did not know our

history. They did not teach our history because it was something we

left behind and moved beyond. The last years of Ottoman were not told

because we were going forward in the years of Republic. We started

learning and teaching our history when our classmates started getting

killed. Then, we scientifically proved that all the allegations were

false one by one: such as the telegram of Talat *****, the quote that

is attributed to Hitler, the actual numbers that were deported or

were subject to genocide as Armenians say. When the terror stopped,

we unfortunately stopped showing attention to our history once

again. For example, when Mr. Elekdag was Washington ambassador in

1985, 68 scientists signed a statement and said that 1915 could not be

characterized as genocide. But we didn't follow up. We don't pursue

the matter consistently, our interest flares up when there is a vote

in Congress, and after the vote we lose interest. We should know our

history. Our history is no longer hidden; it is out in the open.

CalıÅ~_lar: Let me give you an example. At a symposium in Kayseri

University, an Associate Professor said that Mimar Sinan [the great

16th-century Ottoman architect] was [ethnically] Turkish. I asked

the symposium what is the point of claiming this, everyone knows

that he was Armenian; he came from the Armenian village Agırnas

[in Kayseri]. There is no need to distort history; this may also show

the superiority of Ottomans in incorporating minorities to culture of

the Empire. The professor approached me during the break and told me

that he had actually written what I told to the symposium, but that

they had removed those pages [from his article]. We still think that

we can change history just by tearing some pages. You can't change

history like this. The world understands the truth in the end. The

real question is how we are going to understand and see ourselves. We

see the lived pain when we travel in Anatolia. I personally know tens

of people whose paternal or maternal grandmothers are Armenian. Where

did these people come from, did they come from outer space? Obviously,

these have stayed there as a result of a great pain and tragedy. The

female children who were left behind became grandmothers to a great

many of us. We started learning these recently, after terrorism started

and our diplomats got killed. And I also have classmates among those

who were killed. This is something that should be condemned. But

these are two different matters.

Azer: Yes, many people have died at that time. A minute ago I mentioned

68 scientists' statement. They have also established that. Many people

have died due climate conditions and malnutrition.

CalıÅ~_lar No, dear sir, there is a crime perpetrated by the state

here (devlet sucu). There was first a CUP decree sent to all provinces,

these instructions said to deport the people and take them to such and

such places. Then, there was a law. A few individuals in CUP decided

this, and then a law was passed in the Ottoman Parliament. There was

a state decision. Let's agree on this.

Azer: Yes, there was a state decision for the deportation.

Elekdag: We're not going to enter into those debates here, are we? You

are only telling part of what happened. There is a deportation

decision, of course. But this is done in legitimate self-defense

(meÅ~_ru mudafaa) during conditions of war. Russian army was

advancing. Armenians took up arms and joined that army. There were

chetes behind the front attacking the convoys. The greatest historians

in the world, like Bernard Lewis, Avigdor Levy, and Stanford Shaw

say that this was in self-defense. There was a state decision for

deportation, but there were also state decrees to act honestly and

protect the convoys. The state has shown "due diligence," but the

state could unfortunately not succeed in preventing all actions to

the contrary.

Aktar: OK, would you agree that we apologize just for this, just for

what you pointed out now [that the state could not prevent killings

despite showing due diligence]?

Elekdag: That's OK. But in that case, one should apologize from

both sides.

Aktar: In that case, excuse me, one should invoke this criterion:

Turks and Kurds are still living in the geographic area they used to

live, but Armenians are not there any more. There is an abnormality

here. This is not normal.

Elekdag: This is not a legitimate argument. Let me ask you: do you

know how many Turks and Muslims there were in Armenia and Yerevan in

the 1990s? Are there any left? These events are related to each other.

Aktar: Two wrongs do not cancel each other, and make it right. There

may have been wrongs done over there; and of course there is a

relation between the two. But this issue is our problem. I'm not

talking about Azerbaijan or about Armenia. I'm talking about our own

problem, about Ottoman Armenians. We're the grandchildren of Ottomans,

and I'm apologizing for the things that happened to them on the roads

during the deportation to Der Zor. Is it so bad to apologize for this?

Elekdag: In that case, one should look into the context of the

deportation decision. Between the end of 1914 and May 1915, Armenian

chetes killed 122.000 Turks. They annihilated these people. Then there

was a rebellion in Van. In one night, Armenians annihilated 35.000

Turks. Russian Czar sent a congratulations telegram to the head of

the Armenian resistance group (komita) for handing the place to the

Russian army. Did these things not happen?

Producer Akar: Now that we're talking about history, why were people

deported from Kocaeli, Kutahya and Usak. As far I know, there was

no chete activity in those places. Were these places in the battle

front too?

Elekdag: Armed resistance movements (komitacılar) had started

preparations there as well. We shouldn't forget that there were

Armenian craftsmen in towns; hundreds of Armenian doctors were

ranked officers in Ottoman army. Many villages were exempt from the

deportations. In the place of my ancestors, Kastamonu, the Armenian

population was untouched because they were not involved in this

business. In Istanbul, Armenians continued their duties as civil

servants.

Producer Akar: Please allow me to make a modest reminder about

history, Mr. Elekdag. In a report that CHP's 9th division, what is

known as the Bureau on Minorities, prepared in 1944, there is mention

of discomfort due to too much concentration of Armenian population in

Kastamonu. There are recommendations for sending them to Istanbul. In

other words, the same issue continued.

Elekdag: Please, don't interpret this in this way. If there is

discomfort, the intention of the recommendation there is to protect

those people.

Aktar: Especially women [were in the resistance in 1915, weren't

they?]. There is not one Armenian left in Anatolia. OK, let's accept

that people left. Do you think we could have protected churches and

[heritage] buildings better?

Elekdag: Now, who is able to protect such sites better in other places

(nerde korunuyor ki)? There are many Turkish buildings in Armenia

and Yerevan, are they being protected?

Aktar: I see, you're saying that others are not protecting such

sites in their countries, we shouldn't protect ours either. Right,

right! My god! (Hey Allahım).

Elekdag: No, I'm not saying that.

Azer: If I may, I want to ask something to Mr. Aktar. Did you

visit Ani?

Aktar: I visited in 1978.

Azer: I visited in 1992, also later, as part of my duties. There

are ruins in Ani. Parts of the ruins are over on the other side

of the river Arpacay, inside the borders of Armenia. They have not

protected them.

Aktar: They have a stone quarry.

Azer: We are protecting better. There are even fewer ruins inside

Armenian borders.

Aktar, CalıÅ~_lar and Iskit: But we are calling it Anı instead of

Ani, we are changing the name, we're not calling it Armenian.

Azer: No, I'm calling it Ani.

İskit: We are not protecting it as an Armenian site. When I was

talking about denial earlier, I was also talking about the denial

today. I'm against using Anı instead of Ani. I'm against the fact

that the word Armenian today is used almost as an insult word. All

of these are part of the same issue.

Elekdag: In this statement you're referring to denialism. This is a

concept; and genocide concept is behind this denialism concept. Let's

talk about how we are going to solve this problem. Diaspora is

calling this genocide. Turkey is not calling it a genocide. Genocide

belief is intrinsic to the identity of Diaspora Armenians. It is

impossible to change this belief. In Turkey, there is a great mass

of people who oppose this. And they are not going to change their

beliefs either. They see this as an international plot against

them. Is this mutual animosity going to continue for generations

with no solution in sight? You cannot solve the issue like this. The

only solution is to conduct scientific research by staying away from

emotions and away from hatred. Turks and Armenians should establish an

international scientific commission comprising jurists and historians;

an internationally-recognized figure whom both sides will accept can

head this commission. I made this proposal years ago in diplomatic

service. Nobody listened inside the bureaucracy. Then, when I became

MP, I took the initiative ... and on 8 March 2005 Baykal [the leader

of CHP] and PM made the joint proposal regarding the commission of

Turkish and Armenian historians. PM declared that he will be ready

to accept the results of commission's discoveries whether they are

for us or against us. This is a great risk that we were not able to

take until now. Naturally, this proposal is about opening the archives

mutually. We have opened all the historical archives. Armenia is not

opening all the archives. We expect them to open. This is the way

to a solution. We would have expected our intellectuals to make a

statement supporting this proposal.

CalıÅ~_lar: The state and the politicians can make these proposals,

and we would respect such proposals. But we are citizens. We are

offering citizens' statements: we are saying that we don't want to

continue not sharing the pain. We are showing a humanistic response. As

a citizen, I don't feel myself bound by the decisions of Mr. Elekdag

or the PM.

Elekdag: But you are sharing the pain of one side.

CalıÅ~_lar: I'm sharing the pain of one side because I'm on one

side. If Armenians want to say they share the pain, it is up to

them. I'm doing my duty as a Turkish citizen. When I go to other

countries and meet with Armenians, I feel sad. I wish that these

painful events didn't take place. I put myself in their shoes,

I feel worse.

Elekdag: By doing that, you are acting against the interests of the

country. By doing what the Diaspora wants, you're acting against

Turkey's interests.

CalıÅ~_lar: You don't have the sole right to define what is and

what is not in Turkey's interests. I think an apology is in Turkey's

interests (Turkiye'Nin cıkarı da özurden geciyor). You are talking

about Turkey's political interests. I'm not bound by them. I'm a

citizen and free individual. This is my perspective.

Elekdag: Then let me ask you this. Of course, I wouldn't want to put

you on the spot.

But, are you saying that you weren't aware you are signing under a

document which says genocide?

CalıÅ~_lar: I have the right to my own opinions in this matter. When

I want to express them, I can express them anytime I want.

Elekdag: Are you not in a position to say whether there was one

[genocide] or there wasn't?

CalıÅ~_lar: I signed this statement without any preconditions about

whether there was a genocide or not. Each individual may have signed

it with different assumptions. Among the people who signed there are

those who say it was genocide and those who say it wasn't.

Elekdag: In that case, this helps the case of those who say it was

genocide. Does it not?

CalıÅ~_lar: By the way, genocide is not such a brutal word that we

should be afraid of. Genocide is just another opinion.

Azer: Don't you feel the pain of those who were massacred by the

Armenians in Eastern Anatolia during World War I? Aren't you sorry

for the children, women and old people who were killed? Why didn't

you include them in the statement? If you had done that, then perhaps

I too would have signed it. This is a matter of balance. You cannot

walk on one foot; all you can do is jump.

CalıÅ~_lar: This is not issue whereby you add one account on top of

the other. We are changing rehearsed mantras (ezber bozuyoruz). If

you repeat that nothing has happened continuously for 93 years,

then I'll say that these things have happened. We, of course, know

that history as well, people were massacred by Armenians. The people

killed are our mothers and fathers.

Birand: I want to give the word to Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı. He has been very

patient. In the second part of the program, we should talk about what

to do if we are going to break this vicious circle.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: I will briefly touch upon some of the issues your

valuable guests mentioned. I'm not sure how credible it is to have

13.500 signatures in "virtual" space. I would suggest that you

leave the virtual space of the Internet, and come to the public

spaces and squares in Erzurum, Erzincan, Igdır, Van and Kars, and

gather signatures there. Then, you will perhaps increase the number

above 13.500. You are saying that history was concealed from you;

the genie is out of the bottle in the EU process. Mr. Aktar used the

phrase blossoming. OK, but where do you think you get the authority

to make statements about 1915. You are not a historian, you are not

a jurist. You are saying that you don't use the term genocide. But,

you are using the terminology used by Armenia when you say Great

Catastrophe. It fits the theses of Armenia perfectly in terms of

historical and political goals. It is not credible to defend this as

a voice of conscience. Mr.

CalıÅ~_lar is even saying that genocide is not such a terrible word

to use. Genocide is in fact the most degrading of crimes against

humanity. And you're being a spokesperson for those who accuse the

Turkish nation of genocide.

CalıÅ~_lar: I'm saying no such thing (ne alakası var). This was a

CUP decision, a decision by CUP clique. This is not a crime that can

be attributed to a nation. This is not a national crime. Why should

it implicate my whole nation (niye butun milletimi baglasın)?

BölukbaÅ~_ı: President Gul came out and said that this would be a

contribution to a lively debate environment. PM said he is against

it. I guess AKP is playing good cop bad cop. I want to focus on the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Ministry has given many martyrs,

many who lost their lives while serving the country overseas. The

Ministry is second only to the Armed Forces. And Minister Babacan

is at the head of such a Ministry. The spokesperson of the Ministry

of Foreign Affairs supported the statement yesterday saying it was

a democratic expression. It is impossible to understand this attitude.

CalıÅ~_lar: The Ministry is doing what it should do. The statement

is not political. It does not address the Ministry.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: Let me tell you what the Ministry should do. I invite

Foreign Affairs Minister Babacan to support the campaign,. Babacan

should sign the statement as well. It would be fitting for him to

sit among you [Aktar, CalıÅ~_lar, İskit] (aranıza yakıÅ~_ır).

CalıÅ~_lar: We will be glad if he signs the statement.

Birand: Let's take a break. We'll be back.

Birand: I have a question to Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı because I believe he

was there during this incident. In the Foreign Relations Committee of

the Parliament, CHP Izmir MP Canan Aritman said that the intellectuals

who signed the statement were on bribe. She also claimed that President

Gul was Armenian on his mother's side. Were you in the Commission? What

do you say to Ms. Arıtman's response to the President?

BölukbaÅ~_ı: Yes, I was there... But none of the statements about

Mr. President's family were made in the Commission. Such statements

are disgraceful, ugly and very wrong.

Elekdag: I agree. I denounce her remarks and I reject them. One should

not say these words against the President. I also apologize to our

Armenian citizens...

CalıÅ~_lar: Arıtman's remarks also show that being Armenian is used

as a derogatory term [in our country]. It is used to put down people

(aÅ~_agılayıcı; hakaret eden). Her bringing up the ethnicity of

the President's mother also shows her racist attitude...

Elekdag: We're discussing these things in our society. I'm opposing

the views expressed by an MP from my own party. Can you discuss these

things in Armenia, France or USA? Look, we are discussing these issues

freely. My friend mentioned a statement during my time as US Ambassador

that 69 scientists signed. You know what happened? These persons were

threatened one by one, their families were intimidated. Their houses

were bombed.

CalıÅ~_lar: Do you think it is easy to discuss these issues in

Turkey? Many people are threatened. Hrant Dink was killed. You give

the impression that these things are discussed in Turkey in a totally

democratic fashion.

Elekdag: But we can discuss freely. I'm listening to you respectfully.

CalıÅ~_lar: Article 301 is still a big problem. Just the other day,

Minister of Justice released the figures: there were 348 applications

from prosecutors to open lawsuits for Article 301 violations during

the last 6 months alone; the Minister was saying that it was a good

expression of democratic governance that he only allowed 48 lawsuits

to go through with further prosecution. Please be reasonable when

you compare us to USA. Don't ignore the reality.

Azer: No, we are not saying that there are no difficulties in

Turkey. But, at least we can openly discuss these issues. For example,

in Switzerland I can't openly declare my opinions.

CalıÅ~_lar: It is not possible to do it freely here either. Hrant

Dink was condemned for saying genocide. I can bring you the cases of

50 lawsuits; people receive punishments for using the word genocide.

Elekdag: You always give the example of Dink being killed to point

out that we are not able to discuss. Let's not disturb his soul

[by bringing his name to the debate all the time].

Aktar: But you don't even tolerate an apology statement, not even

such a compassionate campaign. Signatories are giving expression

to their conscience. They are speaking most sincerely ("from their

lungs," cigerlerinden). But you are saying how dare them (ne hakla

diyorsunuz). There was no concept of genocide in 1915. We used Metz

Yeghern, i.e. the expression Armenians used at the time. You are

claiming that it is synonymous with genocide, i.e. a term that was

coined in 1948. You are bringing this up, you are the one who is

making demagogy. You are taking a later term and equating it to an

earlier term which we used.

İskit: We should clarify an issue about genocide that

Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı brought up. He was angrily asking us how we can

attribute this crime to the nation. According to 1948 Convention,

only persons can commit genocide. Indeed, just yesterday a Colonel

was sentenced for his role in Rwanda genocide. It is not possible at

all to condemn nations and societies because of the crime of genocide.

Elekdag: But there is a big flaw in your argument. True, Article

4 of 1948 Genocide Convention reads as you suggested right

now. But there has been a change in the interpretation of 1948

Convention. International Court of Justice (ICJ) has given a verdict on

27 February 2007 in the case of Bosnia vs. Serbia; and according this

verdict ICJ has stated that states are also responsible if they have

not taken necessary precautions to prevent the genocide. The Court has

set out certain important criteria to make such a determination. In

other words, states are also responsible if they are not preventing

genocide.

İskit: Yes, this is true. The state can be held responsible for

genocide. But the nation cannot be held responsible. This is an

important [distinction]. CUP, the state or individuals can be held

responsible, but a nation cannot be held responsible.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: It is regrettable that the persons who have signed

the document don't realize what they've formulated. There is no

legal basis to this. The state is the target of such international

court cases as Mr. Elekdag mentioned. The case Bosnia vs. Serbia

is the latest example of this. Moreover, such court cases are not

only about the determination of crime; they also aim to determine

compensation claims against states. In this apology campaign, you make

a determination about the events of 1915, you are also determining

that there is a crime that needs an apology, and also that there are

perpetrators. You are apologizing on your part. It is another matter

who you represent but you are contributing to putting the Turkish

nation on trial for the greatest crime against humanity; you cannot

blacken Turkish nation and history, and put our ancestors on trial.

CalıÅ~_lar: There is no sense to what you're saying. The three

leaders of CUP ordered the deportation, what does this have to do

with the nation?

Aktar: It is well-known that many have hid their Armenian neighbors.

Birand: What is this we hear about the [apology] site being blocked?

Aktar: The Internet site is under constant attack for the

last 3 days. There is no tolerance despite the statements of

Mr. President. Computers which are so powerful that they can only be

located at a few locations are sending over a million access requests

per second and blocking the site. I cannot say where these attacks

originate from because I'm not sure. Despite the claims, there is no

tolerance for this. It seems that it is forbidden to apologize....

 

Birand: Can such campaigns make a positive contribution to a

solution? This is a very complex problem that involves Armenia, the

Diaspora, and US Congress. Public opinion is now taking this step

[with the apology statement]. Don't you think this will be helpful?

Elekdag: This campaign cannot serve a useful purpose. There are secret

negotiations going on between Turkey and Armenia. The proposal about a

historians' commission is part of these negotiations. It is impossible

to move forward without such a commission. The questions revolve

around the conditions of this commission. Armenians do not want such

a commission under no conditions. They are thinking that they have

the upper hand both on moral and political grounds. Their way is to

use US and EU and world parliaments to exert pressure on Turkey.

CalıÅ~_lar: Negotiations between governments are going on based some

calculations that we don't know anything about. I'm not in a position

to follow those details. My concern is to have a stance as a human

being. There may be persons on the Armenian side interested in such

a stance.

İskit: We need to distinguish between the state and civil society. The

state can evaluate what is in its interests. It is up to my colleagues

among the government negotiators to make those evaluations. Mr. Elekdag

thinks that this campaign will have a negative effect. If you ask me,

we don't know that. The campaign may make positive contributions. Let

me give a concrete example. There was a conference about Armenians

two years ago at Bilgi University. A scandal broke out.

Elekdag: It was organized behind closed doors. No, there wasn't a

scandal. We allowed it. It was good that it was held.

İskit: It didn't have a negative effect. These things are related

to one another.

Elekdag: This is a different issue. Right now, there are negotiations

going on. When there are such voices in Turkey, this is something

that makes Armenia's position stronger. This is clear.

İskit: I don't think this is the case.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: This is, of course, something that will make Armenia's

position stronger. It is not possible to think otherwise. The basis

of Armenia's strategy is to use third country parliaments' genocide

recognition to create a suitable foundation; to create legal processes

for individual compensation claims. Let me read what Foreign Affairs

Minister of Armenia says: similar to the Holocaust, they aim that

Turkey will recognize genocide and apologize, then compensation will

follow. There is no one in Turkey who is naïve enough not to see

that this is the aim. AKP government is getting ready to open the

border based solely on the agreement to establish a common historians'

commission. They are going to do this even if Armenia continues not

to recognize the common border, or remove her territorial claims from

their Constitution and Declaration of Independence; even if Armenia

continues to regard Mount Agrı [Ararat] as a national symbol. They are

also getting ready to establish diplomatic relations by accrediting

the Embassy in Tbilisi. According to my information, the point of

contention in historians' commission is this: Armenians are going to

use the argument that this is a historical fact beyond dispute and

that it has even supporters in Turkey. They don't want a separate

historians' commission; they prefer a supra-commission, and several

sub-commissions about tourism, trade, transportation. According to

this, the historians' commission will be one among as many as 20-25

such sub-commissions. They think it is in any case useless because

this is an established historical fact. This movement, whatever they

are calling it, a movement of intellectuals based on conscience or

some such thing, cannot make a positive contribution to this process.

İskit The issue of Armenian genocide is, in fact, a political issue -

i.e. an issue to go on to the stage in world public opinion. Turkey

has a thesis; Armenians put forward another thesis. We have followed

one path until now. And this path does not seem to work. We can look

at this way: will such an apology statement soften or harden the world

public opinion? One might also make such an evaluation: such apology

statements may soften the public opinion; they might serve to give

an image of more plural and free society, in this way they might make

a positive contribution to the state's interests. If Turkey respects

minority rights, not only the rights of Armenians but all minorities,

no one can condemn such a country [in world public opinion].

Aktar: There are in fact several positive responses along these

lines. This campaign does not address itself to the Armenian government

or Turkish government. The positive responses from individual

Armenians in Turkey, in the Diaspora or in Armenia are positive,

but not for the reasons you might imagine. They are not saying 'oh,

how happy we are, they have recognized the genocide'. They are giving

a positive response with tears in their eyes because they are seeing a

compassionate response after 90 years. These responses are not because

of bi-lateral negotiations or what they might lead to. This is the crux

of the matter. And speaking of national interest, if we are going to

speak reason and rationality, the truth of the matter is Deportation is

one of the biggest calamities that have ever happened in Anatolia. It

is a totally irrational decision. Anatolian economy collapsed because

of this decision. The economy of Eastern Anatolia totally collapsed.

And from that time until today, the economy has not been able to revive

itself. At the roots of what we call Kurdish rebellion, there is also

the destruction of Armenians. If we are talking interests and reason,

this decision was not rational (akılsa, akılcı degildir). Ottoman

state had lost control to such an extent that it wasn't able to follow

its interests. Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı said that I wasn't a historian and

jurist, I'm saying if you're talking about reason, this business

is not even rational. And, as a matter of fact, we are not talking

about reason, we are talking from the heart and "lungs" (kaldi ki

biz akıldan degil, kalpten cigerden bahsediyoruz).

Azer: I don't think this statement will soften anything. Armenian

goals do not have a one, two or ten year perspective. Their goals

are long-term. The goals of genocide recognition by parliaments and

the creation of an environment where there can be no talk of claiming

there was no genocide, like Switzerland. We'll see what will happen

in France. What is worrying for me is this: I wasn't able to prevent

this abroad and now it is inside my borders. This is making my hand

weaker in negotiations.

CalıÅ~_lar: What this means is this: you are not successful

in Armenian policy. These are the calculations that the states

can make. This does not concern me as a citizen. I'm expressing

myself as a citizen. As a citizen, I'm against several policies of

the state. I'm against coup d'etats, against Article 301, against

how Armenians are treated. I'm also against the policies of other

states. I'm against US invasion of Iraq. There is no such thing as

the state equals the citizen. So what if secret negotiations are

being conducted with Armenia? There is no such thing that dictates

citizens are going to stand obediently behind the state (vatandaÅ~_

devletin arkasında hazırolda duracak).

Elekdag: I believe that CalıÅ~_lar is sincere. He says that

this is a personal stance based on his conscience. I respect his

position. However, dear friends, and I am addressing myself to all of

you sitting on the opposite end of the table, we should think about

how this is going to be perceived around the world... They are going

to perceive it such that a group of people in Turkey are supporting

Armenian genocide claims. You are going to see that I'm right when

you read world press.

CalıÅ~_lar: The world can also think that there are righteous Turks

(vicdanî Turkler).

Aktar: There are already reactions in the world press but not in the

way you imagine.

Azer: Check out the website of Asbarez Newspaper, and you'll see what

I mean.

Aktar: I'm talking about NY Times, Washington Post, Liberation, Le

Monde, Figaro, The Guardian and Financial Times. I don't know the

newspaper you mention. I'm talking about world press... And we forgot

to mention the German press.

Elekdag: We asked a moment ago how we are going to solve this

problem. There is a political dimension to this business. This is a

historical and legal issue. At the end of the day, the issue will come

down to the genocide term. And the only way to approach genocide is

a legal approach. The first thing to do is to establish a historians'

commission; and then to evaluate the historical discoveries.

Producer Akar: I believe Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı is going to have some

comments about our discussion. After his comments, can he also offer

us his thoughts about Defense Minister Gönul's statements last

month? Minister Gönul had asked in a commemoration event in Brussels

[November 10, 2008]: "Could Turkey have been the same nation-state

it is today had the Greek community still lived in Aegean or had

Armenians lived in many parts of the country?" Mr. Aktar also stressed

that it was against Turkey's national interests that almost 3 million

Greeks and Armenians were removed from Anatolia. Do you agree with

Mr. Gönul's assessment?

BölukbaÅ~_ı: Before coming to Mr. Gönul's statements, let me make

my last comments. They are saying the apology statement pertains to

civil society, not to the political sphere. But, in fact, the issue

at hand is political, historical and legal both in its nature and in

its consequences. The important thing is even Sarkisyan would sign

this statement because the apology statement serves the interests of

Armenia. I would not automatically claim that this is the intention

of individuals preparing the statement. But, the consequence of

their statement serves this purpose. The signatories may have eased

their conscience. My concern is that while trying to create empathy,

they may have made a statement that will invite tensions and activate

a clash dynamics. One cannot rationally defend this statement in a

context where all the clash dynamics in Turkish society are active.

Birand: I think Mr. Aktar says that this is not their problem. They

are just giving expression to their opinions.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: Of course, they may think like that. I am just pointing

out that this will increase the tensions in society. I don't expect

that everyone will think responsibly.

CalıÅ~_lar: Why would it increase tensions? You can just say that

you don't agree. You express your opinion, and you can allow us to

express ours. Why should we get tense [as a society]?

Aktar: There is no reason that we should get tense as a society

because of this (gerilmeyelim). As a party, for example, you can

say to the MHP organization that the signatories are just expressing

their opinions. That would be good.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: Anyway. And don't think that I'm being disrespectful,

but I have to say this: I don't think there is any importance to this

initiative other than it being an expression of the mentality that it

represents (temsil ettigi zihniyet dıÅ~_ında bir önemi yoktur). I

would not say it would serve any purpose. You're showing empathy

only to the Armenians. You neglect the invasion of Azerbaijan, the

brutality of Armenia. You neglect the brutality of Armenians during

the same period in Anatolia. I won't mention the martyrs of Foreign

Affairs because I see that even some of my colleagues seem to have

forgotten them. Thank you very much.

Producer Akar: I believe Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı did not want to enter

into a polemic about Mr. Gönul's statement last month. I want to

ask you too Mr. Elekdag: what are your comments to Defense Minister

Gönul's statements?

Elekdag: I find his remarks very unfortunate. His remarks make

reference to some unfortunate events in our recent history. I was very

uncomfortable with his statement. Population exchange is naturally

a mutual agreement. I cannot accept his statement. His statement is

a gaffe for a politician to make.

Aktar: It is a fact that the common denominator of Turkish nationhood

is Islam. Non-Muslims naturally and historically fall outside this

definition. This is not something one can question, it is a fact

that each of us knows and feels. These are the facts of Turkish

nation-building process.

CalıÅ~_lar: We have the example of 6-7 September events.

Aktar: Yes, and these events are the last stages of this process.

İskit: This country has not been able to tolerate minorities

(hazmedememiÅ~_tir). We couldn't take care of the minorities when

laying the foundations of the nation-building. They were just included

in the constitution. That's all.

Azer: I cannot agree to Mr. Aktar's definition of Turkish nation. That

religion is the essential building block. This is not true because

Turks pre-dated Islam. And they will continue after Islam as well.

Aktar: It is not only Islam, but Sunni Islam. The understanding of

the nation even excludes the Alevis. It is not possible to dispute

this. It is a fact. Before the 1870s, out the 13 million living

Anatolia, almost half of the population did not know Turkish.

Birand: We're approaching the end of the program. Let's have the

last comments.

Elekdag: Let me repeat that genocide issue is a political, legal

and historical issue. Law will have the last word about this

issue. Genocide term is coined in 1940s by Raphael Lemkin. 1948

UN Convention has codified it, and set definite criteria for its

determination. It can be determined either by national courts

where the event took place or an international criminal court, or

the International Court of Justice. This is the only way to solve

this issue.

CalıÅ~_lar: When dear Hrant Dink was brutally murdered, the human

face of Turkey also became visible after the murder (insanî yuzu

ortaya cıktı). Not only the 150.000 people at the funeral but also

the millions watching on TV in tears, showed their reaction to the

world. This was Turkey's human face. Even though we lost Hrant, our

very important intellectual, the world witnessed the conscience of

Turks (dunya Turklerin vicdanını gördu). The latest statement is

also a small expression of conscience. We are showing the same human

face of Turkey to the world. I see this as part of the same sentiment

that was there in Hrant's funeral. I believe that the world is going

to perceive this in a similar light.

Aktar: The world is already seeing it in this fashion. We really

need to calm down [in this country]. And politicians, CHP and MHP,

have important roles to play in this process. They need to express

that this is a citizens' movement based on conscience. Politicians

owe it to our soceity to express that this initiative does not aim

to create tensions.

İskit: I want to express similar thoughts. Turkey is becoming more

democratic. This statement is also meaningful in the sense that Turkey

is pluralistic, that it has freedom of expression.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: I believe this initiative is an unfortunate move. It

serves the goals of Armenians by blackening the history of Turkey.

Azer: We had started the second part of the program by asking where

we go from here. We will continue the negotiations. We will stress

the historians' commission. But it won't be just another commission

among numerous other commissions. We will have them recognize our

borders. We will solve these issues before establishing diplomatic

relations. Lastly, we will go to International Court of Justice and

accept their verdict about the genocide issue. There is no risk in

this. English and Russian archives are open. French archives between

1914-18 are closed. I believe that the evidence supports us and that's

why they are not opening it. Armenians will also open their archives...

Birand: This was a rare 32nd Day Program. Everyone expressed their

opinions very respectfully. Perhaps because we had many diplomats in

our show tonight... Let's end our program on this note.

 

 

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Just in case the site is removed, I have reproduced the entire debate below.

I have not read the entire article, as I don't want to hear more gobbledigook, but I have read enough to see that those “dirty birds” aka “furkeys” are once again playing with “words” and “numbers”.

Observe below , how some are arguing that until 1948, the Armenians did not use the term “genocide”, instead they used terms like “Mets Yeghern” (catastrophe). Therefore, we cannot use the term “genocide”, but we can say “big catastrophe” just as the Armenian term “Mets Yeghern”.

Pray tell!

What did they call the “INTERNET” in 1915? “smoke signals” or “mule train”?

http://www.keghart.com/op175.htm

Live TV Debate: 32nd Day "On The Apology Statement

Keghart.com

http://www.keghart.com/op175.htm

Dec 26 2008

While every effort is made to accurately reproduce the statements of

participants and give the exact back and forth exchange during the

debate, some omissions are made and the statements that the same

person uttered at slightly different points of the conversation

are occasionally combined for brevity. Any comments and corrections

regarding the translation and/or the transcript are welcome. Mete Pamir

Participants:

For: Dr. Cengiz Aktar; Ret. Ambassador Temel İskit and Journalist

Oral CalıÅ~_lar

Against: Ret. Ambassador Å~^ukru Elekdag MP CHP, Ret. Ambassador

Deniz BölukbaÅ~_ı MP MHP, and Ret. Ambassador Candan Azer

Birand: Welcome. Tonight, we're going to discuss a very important issue

that is older than the Republic, a discussion that is condemned to

irresolution for 93 years. A group of our intellectuals have started a

campaign regarding what Ottoman Armenians went through in 1915. We are

going to talk about their apology statement in which they apologize to

our Armenian brothers and sisters. At the root of the issue lies what

happened to the Armenians in 1915: is this a catastrophe, genocide

or deportation? Should we apologize? To whom and for what should

one apologize? We have representatives in our studio who defend two

opposing viewpoints: those who say yes, one should apologize and those

who say no, there is no need for it. I want to begin by asking Cengiz

Aktar first: why are we supposed to apologize, to whom and for what?

Aktar: The apology is already made. 230 intellectuals and

opinion-makers started this campaign and 13.500 citizens of Turkey have

already apologized in two-three days. We apologized for not being able

to talk about this for many years, because it was a monologue for so

long, because we looked at this matter from only one perspective. We

are also apologizing for not being able to share the pain of our

Armenian brothers and sisters to a sufficient extent. This is a very

gentle, altruistic and compassionate message (muÅ~_fik, digerkâm,

and duygudaÅ~_). We don't address ourselves to anyone [to any official

instance], we are addressing the apology to ourselves.

Birand: Yes, a lot of people are asking: are they saying that we have

committed genocide and apologizing for it? Oral CalıÅ~_lar you are

one of those who signed.

CalıÅ~_lar: Genocide term is not used in the statement. Among

the signatories there are also persons who don't think this was

genocide. The apology is about a great catastrophe and pain; it is

directed to those who are not with us any more, to those who cannot

live in Turkey. We apologize for the pain caused to hundreds of

thousands of Armenians, to their children and grandchildren. We are

not saying everyone should share the pain, it is not obligatory: those

who want to share do apologize, those who don't want to don't. The

apology is because this issue could not be discussed for so long. We

lost Hrant Dink for this reason. He was condemned because he said in

the end that there was genocide. He was declared an enemy by certain

quarters in front of the public opinion. And we lost him. It is not

unproblematic in Turkey to say that this was genocide. There are people

who cannot express their opinions and those who, like Dink, expressed

themselves recently and those who expressed themselves also in 1915.

Birand: Let me read the statement for our viewers: "My conscience

does not accept the insensitivity showed to and the denial of the

Great Catastrophe that the Ottoman Armenians were subjected to in

1915. I reject this injustice and for my share, I empathize with the

feelings and pain of my Armenian brothers and sisters. I apologize

to them." The important term here is Great Catastrophe. Armenians

say that Great Catastrophe is genocide.

İskit: I signed the statement hoping that it was a non-political

statement. I signed this as a matter of personal conscience, aa

a matter of freedom of expression and a debt that I felt I owed. I

particularly wanted to show my reaction to the denial. This is a civil

society movement; it is different than the political sphere. This

is not an issue about whether this was a genocide or not... This

statement does not represent a compromise. In that case it would have

been political.

Elekdag: Firstly, they are referring to Great Catastrophe; this is

Metz Yeghern in Armenian. This word is a synonym for genocide. The

difference between the two words is as little as the difference

between mass slaughter and mass killing (kitle katliamı" and kitlesel

öldurme). There is no difference between them. When Metz Yeghern

is used, Armenians understand genocide. When some official person

goes to Armenia, visits the Monument and wishes to condemn genocide

as well as not to offend the Turkish Republic they use Metz Yeghern;

and Armenians accept this. This statement is tantamount to supporting

the genocide campaign of the Armenian Diaspora. It would have been

alright to use terms like great tragedy or pain. The concept of

Great Catastrophe is an established term; it has a loaded meaning

which is very difficult to change. Therefore, it naturally causes

reactions. Secondly, it is important that the statement uses the

word "denial." The word "denial" is commonly used by the Armenian

Diaspora and in Armenia against those who say that there was no

genocide. "Denying" is not a normal word; when "denialist" is used,

those with opposing viewpoints are meant. This is not an innocent

word either. It is part of the jargon used by Armenians...

Aktar: Metz Yeghern is a word from the time of 1915. The term

genocide and its basis in international law is from 1948. From 1915

until 1948, the Armenian people who were subjected to this [calamity]

were of course going to give a name to it. We used the name that they

themselves used [for a long time]. This is not a discussion about

genocide [terminology]. Temel İskit is spot on about this. We are not

going to discuss genocide here, are we? If you are going to boil down

our discussion tonight to whether there was genocide or not, let's

not talk further; let's just end the discussion right here and go home.

Azer: Of course, it is fortunate that the word genocide is not used in

the apology statement. However, as Mr. Elekdag mentioned, even today in

Armenian there is not such a word as genocide. They use Metz Yeghern

instead. For example, when previous Pope went to Armenia and visited

the Genocide Monument, he used the word Metz Yeghern while signing the

memorial book. We were happy about this. Armenians were even happier.

Producer Akar: What does the US President use in April 24? Does he

not use Great Catastrophe?

Elekdag: No, he mentions a tragedy. It is not like Great Catastrophe

has never been used in USA. In fact, it was used. But at that time,

these things were not established to such an extent. There might

have been points of time in the past that Turkey neglected to pay

attention. Today, Metz Yeghern is a totally established term. And it

is synonymous with genocide. It is not possible to understand this

statement any differently. If they don't want this statement to be

interpreted in this way, I think it will be a good idea for them to

prepare an additional statement and declare that they did not intent

to say that it was genocide. The intended meaning in this version is

genocide; it is impossible to understand it otherwise.

CalıÅ~_lar: We're not in a position to give an account of anything

to state officials here (devlet buyuklerine hesap vermek). We're

not on trial here. I can state whatever I like as a citizen. It is

up me alone to decide my intended meaning. Mr. Elekdag can interpret

it his way. This is my right as a citizen. It is important to stress

this because people have been put on trial for these things in this

country. Turkey has done shameful things about these issues (ayıplı

ulkedi). Hrant Dink was put on trial and condemned for violating

Article 301, and look what happened to him in the end. This is very

recent history, not old history.

Elekdag: We're not talking about Hrant Dink. Dink was not only your

friend. He was our friend as well.

Birand: Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı, [leader of your party, MHP] Devlet

Bahceli said that he is ashamed of the individuals who signed the

statement. Are you also ashamed of them?

BölukbaÅ~_ı: Yes, I too am ashamed of them. I should start by

giving an exposition and concrete examples about the wider meaning,

goals and consequences of this initiative. This is not just a one time

or sporadic initiative. It is a new stage in a process that has been

developing for the last two-three years. In tandem with the "virtual"

membership accession to EU, a class of persons who are on staff to

make statements has emerged in Turkey (kadrolu bildiriciler). We are

seeing the same persons again and again in such initiatives regarding

Turkish history, national identity and state structures. They are on

commission to make these things. They are volunteering for these. For

these people, it has been a status symbol to blacken our history --

i.e. a symbol of proving how Western and modern they are. It has

been an academic and political career path to run after the lie of

Armenian genocide. At one time, Armenia officially demanded that

Article 301 was removed so that there could be a lobby to discuss

genocide within Turkey. This was set as a pre-condition for starting

negotiations. Armenia officially forwarded this request to Turkish

Minister of Foreign Affairs. Look, secret negotiations have been going

on with Armenia in Bern for the last two years. At this stage, Armenia

is not putting forward genocide recognition as a pre-condition; they

are calculating that recognition will come in any case during the EU

process; for this reason they are thinking that it is enough to take

steps so that Turkish society itself can face its past. Therefore, to

say that genocide is not used in this statement in no way changes the

meaning and goals of this statement. I want to ask Ambassador İskit:

among the Armenian brothers to whom he apologized, are members of

ASALA included? And also how did he manage to repress his opinions

during all his 40 years in [diplomatic] service?

İskit: I don't think I'm obliged to give an account about my feelings

to my colleague Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı. But, let me explain to you why I

oppose the denial. It is not like I repressed this for years. In my

diplomatic career I gradually realized that there was a big denial and

concealment. I realized that some pages of our history were missing. It

was as if some events had never happened. I did not read anything about

these things in any book or newspaper until the 1980s. Our thinking in

Foreign Affairs developed through stages over several years. It didn't

happen all of a sudden: First, there was a big silence about these

things in the Ministry. I strongly reacted against this. The total

silence about the events evolved into [the claim of] mutual killings

(mukatele) by the slow opening of new pages. My conscience is clear

[about my years in diplomatic service]. The ASALA question: this is an

issue that is continuously brought forward in other contexts as well,

but we shouldn't confuse these two issues. ASALA is a great tragedy

for me personally and for my professional community; but this is not

a matter of two accounts, one offsetting the other (mahsup meselesi

degil). It is not a matter of one tragedy here, another there balancing

each other; it is not a matter of how many people were killed on

our side, and how many on their side. I of course condemn terrorism;

I of course wish that the whole world apologizes for ASALA killings;

but here I'm apologizing for the Great Catastrophe in 1915.

Aktar: There is nothing to respond to in Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı's

comments. You are asking me to respond to his comments about EU? You,

Mehmet Ali Birand, would be much more qualified than me to speak

about EU. But there is a real sociological basis to the observation

that these things are related to the EU process. This is important and

pertains to our recent history. Turkey is in a process of change since

the 1980s, since late Ozal. Turkey was a closed and inward-looking

country until 1983. Especially after 1999, Turkey opened to the world,

the country literally blossomed (kabak cicegi gibi acıldı). And EU

process greatly contributed to this. The djinns are out of the bottle,

and it is not possible to put these back in. People started putting

taboos into question. This is not only the case for the Armenian

issue. It is also true for the rights of women, homosexuals, Alevis. It

is also about honour killings; about Kurdish issue and democratization.

For this reason, we need to look forward, not back. I did not prepare

this statement. 250 people prepared it. This is not a campaign

or petition; it is a statement. Apology statement is the voice of

conscience, because they were not able to speak about this for 90

years. How else could 13.500 Turkish persons (Turk insanı) come out

and apologize in just three days? Everyone should ask this important

question: these people said that they behaved shamefully. These

are important concepts in Anatolia: shame/disgrace (ayıp) and sin

(gunah). Intellectuals do not know [the weight of these concepts]

to a sufficient degree. Anatolians know it. These people came out

into the open.

Elekdag: 30.000 other people came out and said that there is no

such thing. It was in fact possible to discuss a great many of these

issues previously.

Aktar: Let it be so [that 30.000 signed a counter-statement]. What is

important is for these things to be discussed. No, it wasn't possible

to discuss these before.

Azer: Mr. İskit told us that our history was "concealed" from us

(saklandı). I don't think concealed is the right word. Of course, the

events of 1915 were not taught to us neither in primary school nor at

the universities. It is more correct to say that we did not know our

history. They did not teach our history because it was something we

left behind and moved beyond. The last years of Ottoman were not told

because we were going forward in the years of Republic. We started

learning and teaching our history when our classmates started getting

killed. Then, we scientifically proved that all the allegations were

false one by one: such as the telegram of Talat *****, the quote that

is attributed to Hitler, the actual numbers that were deported or

were subject to genocide as Armenians say. When the terror stopped,

we unfortunately stopped showing attention to our history once

again. For example, when Mr. Elekdag was Washington ambassador in

1985, 68 scientists signed a statement and said that 1915 could not be

characterized as genocide. But we didn't follow up. We don't pursue

the matter consistently, our interest flares up when there is a vote

in Congress, and after the vote we lose interest. We should know our

history. Our history is no longer hidden; it is out in the open.

CalıÅ~_lar: Let me give you an example. At a symposium in Kayseri

University, an Associate Professor said that Mimar Sinan [the great

16th-century Ottoman architect] was [ethnically] Turkish. I asked

the symposium what is the point of claiming this, everyone knows

that he was Armenian; he came from the Armenian village Agırnas

[in Kayseri]. There is no need to distort history; this may also show

the superiority of Ottomans in incorporating minorities to culture of

the Empire. The professor approached me during the break and told me

that he had actually written what I told to the symposium, but that

they had removed those pages [from his article]. We still think that

we can change history just by tearing some pages. You can't change

history like this. The world understands the truth in the end. The

real question is how we are going to understand and see ourselves. We

see the lived pain when we travel in Anatolia. I personally know tens

of people whose paternal or maternal grandmothers are Armenian. Where

did these people come from, did they come from outer space? Obviously,

these have stayed there as a result of a great pain and tragedy. The

female children who were left behind became grandmothers to a great

many of us. We started learning these recently, after terrorism started

and our diplomats got killed. And I also have classmates among those

who were killed. This is something that should be condemned. But

these are two different matters.

Azer: Yes, many people have died at that time. A minute ago I mentioned

68 scientists' statement. They have also established that. Many people

have died due climate conditions and malnutrition.

CalıÅ~_lar No, dear sir, there is a crime perpetrated by the state

here (devlet sucu). There was first a CUP decree sent to all provinces,

these instructions said to deport the people and take them to such and

such places. Then, there was a law. A few individuals in CUP decided

this, and then a law was passed in the Ottoman Parliament. There was

a state decision. Let's agree on this.

Azer: Yes, there was a state decision for the deportation.

Elekdag: We're not going to enter into those debates here, are we? You

are only telling part of what happened. There is a deportation

decision, of course. But this is done in legitimate self-defense

(meÅ~_ru mudafaa) during conditions of war. Russian army was

advancing. Armenians took up arms and joined that army. There were

chetes behind the front attacking the convoys. The greatest historians

in the world, like Bernard Lewis, Avigdor Levy, and Stanford Shaw

say that this was in self-defense. There was a state decision for

deportation, but there were also state decrees to act honestly and

protect the convoys. The state has shown "due diligence," but the

state could unfortunately not succeed in preventing all actions to

the contrary.

Aktar: OK, would you agree that we apologize just for this, just for

what you pointed out now [that the state could not prevent killings

despite showing due diligence]?

Elekdag: That's OK. But in that case, one should apologize from

both sides.

Aktar: In that case, excuse me, one should invoke this criterion:

Turks and Kurds are still living in the geographic area they used to

live, but Armenians are not there any more. There is an abnormality

here. This is not normal.

Elekdag: This is not a legitimate argument. Let me ask you: do you

know how many Turks and Muslims there were in Armenia and Yerevan in

the 1990s? Are there any left? These events are related to each other.

Aktar: Two wrongs do not cancel each other, and make it right. There

may have been wrongs done over there; and of course there is a

relation between the two. But this issue is our problem. I'm not

talking about Azerbaijan or about Armenia. I'm talking about our own

problem, about Ottoman Armenians. We're the grandchildren of Ottomans,

and I'm apologizing for the things that happened to them on the roads

during the deportation to Der Zor. Is it so bad to apologize for this?

Elekdag: In that case, one should look into the context of the

deportation decision. Between the end of 1914 and May 1915, Armenian

chetes killed 122.000 Turks. They annihilated these people. Then there

was a rebellion in Van. In one night, Armenians annihilated 35.000

Turks. Russian Czar sent a congratulations telegram to the head of

the Armenian resistance group (komita) for handing the place to the

Russian army. Did these things not happen?

Producer Akar: Now that we're talking about history, why were people

deported from Kocaeli, Kutahya and Usak. As far I know, there was

no chete activity in those places. Were these places in the battle

front too?

Elekdag: Armed resistance movements (komitacılar) had started

preparations there as well. We shouldn't forget that there were

Armenian craftsmen in towns; hundreds of Armenian doctors were

ranked officers in Ottoman army. Many villages were exempt from the

deportations. In the place of my ancestors, Kastamonu, the Armenian

population was untouched because they were not involved in this

business. In Istanbul, Armenians continued their duties as civil

servants.

Producer Akar: Please allow me to make a modest reminder about

history, Mr. Elekdag. In a report that CHP's 9th division, what is

known as the Bureau on Minorities, prepared in 1944, there is mention

of discomfort due to too much concentration of Armenian population in

Kastamonu. There are recommendations for sending them to Istanbul. In

other words, the same issue continued.

Elekdag: Please, don't interpret this in this way. If there is

discomfort, the intention of the recommendation there is to protect

those people.

Aktar: Especially women [were in the resistance in 1915, weren't

they?]. There is not one Armenian left in Anatolia. OK, let's accept

that people left. Do you think we could have protected churches and

[heritage] buildings better?

Elekdag: Now, who is able to protect such sites better in other places

(nerde korunuyor ki)? There are many Turkish buildings in Armenia

and Yerevan, are they being protected?

Aktar: I see, you're saying that others are not protecting such

sites in their countries, we shouldn't protect ours either. Right,

right! My god! (Hey Allahım).

Elekdag: No, I'm not saying that.

Azer: If I may, I want to ask something to Mr. Aktar. Did you

visit Ani?

Aktar: I visited in 1978.

Azer: I visited in 1992, also later, as part of my duties. There

are ruins in Ani. Parts of the ruins are over on the other side

of the river Arpacay, inside the borders of Armenia. They have not

protected them.

Aktar: They have a stone quarry.

Azer: We are protecting better. There are even fewer ruins inside

Armenian borders.

Aktar, CalıÅ~_lar and Iskit: But we are calling it Anı instead of

Ani, we are changing the name, we're not calling it Armenian.

Azer: No, I'm calling it Ani.

İskit: We are not protecting it as an Armenian site. When I was

talking about denial earlier, I was also talking about the denial

today. I'm against using Anı instead of Ani. I'm against the fact

that the word Armenian today is used almost as an insult word. All

of these are part of the same issue.

Elekdag: In this statement you're referring to denialism. This is a

concept; and genocide concept is behind this denialism concept. Let's

talk about how we are going to solve this problem. Diaspora is

calling this genocide. Turkey is not calling it a genocide. Genocide

belief is intrinsic to the identity of Diaspora Armenians. It is

impossible to change this belief. In Turkey, there is a great mass

of people who oppose this. And they are not going to change their

beliefs either. They see this as an international plot against

them. Is this mutual animosity going to continue for generations

with no solution in sight? You cannot solve the issue like this. The

only solution is to conduct scientific research by staying away from

emotions and away from hatred. Turks and Armenians should establish an

international scientific commission comprising jurists and historians;

an internationally-recognized figure whom both sides will accept can

head this commission. I made this proposal years ago in diplomatic

service. Nobody listened inside the bureaucracy. Then, when I became

MP, I took the initiative ... and on 8 March 2005 Baykal [the leader

of CHP] and PM made the joint proposal regarding the commission of

Turkish and Armenian historians. PM declared that he will be ready

to accept the results of commission's discoveries whether they are

for us or against us. This is a great risk that we were not able to

take until now. Naturally, this proposal is about opening the archives

mutually. We have opened all the historical archives. Armenia is not

opening all the archives. We expect them to open. This is the way

to a solution. We would have expected our intellectuals to make a

statement supporting this proposal.

CalıÅ~_lar: The state and the politicians can make these proposals,

and we would respect such proposals. But we are citizens. We are

offering citizens' statements: we are saying that we don't want to

continue not sharing the pain. We are showing a humanistic response. As

a citizen, I don't feel myself bound by the decisions of Mr. Elekdag

or the PM.

Elekdag: But you are sharing the pain of one side.

CalıÅ~_lar: I'm sharing the pain of one side because I'm on one

side. If Armenians want to say they share the pain, it is up to

them. I'm doing my duty as a Turkish citizen. When I go to other

countries and meet with Armenians, I feel sad. I wish that these

painful events didn't take place. I put myself in their shoes,

I feel worse.

Elekdag: By doing that, you are acting against the interests of the

country. By doing what the Diaspora wants, you're acting against

Turkey's interests.

CalıÅ~_lar: You don't have the sole right to define what is and

what is not in Turkey's interests. I think an apology is in Turkey's

interests (Turkiye'Nin cıkarı da özurden geciyor). You are talking

about Turkey's political interests. I'm not bound by them. I'm a

citizen and free individual. This is my perspective.

Elekdag: Then let me ask you this. Of course, I wouldn't want to put

you on the spot.

But, are you saying that you weren't aware you are signing under a

document which says genocide?

CalıÅ~_lar: I have the right to my own opinions in this matter. When

I want to express them, I can express them anytime I want.

Elekdag: Are you not in a position to say whether there was one

[genocide] or there wasn't?

CalıÅ~_lar: I signed this statement without any preconditions about

whether there was a genocide or not. Each individual may have signed

it with different assumptions. Among the people who signed there are

those who say it was genocide and those who say it wasn't.

Elekdag: In that case, this helps the case of those who say it was

genocide. Does it not?

CalıÅ~_lar: By the way, genocide is not such a brutal word that we

should be afraid of. Genocide is just another opinion.

Azer: Don't you feel the pain of those who were massacred by the

Armenians in Eastern Anatolia during World War I? Aren't you sorry

for the children, women and old people who were killed? Why didn't

you include them in the statement? If you had done that, then perhaps

I too would have signed it. This is a matter of balance. You cannot

walk on one foot; all you can do is jump.

CalıÅ~_lar: This is not issue whereby you add one account on top of

the other. We are changing rehearsed mantras (ezber bozuyoruz). If

you repeat that nothing has happened continuously for 93 years,

then I'll say that these things have happened. We, of course, know

that history as well, people were massacred by Armenians. The people

killed are our mothers and fathers.

Birand: I want to give the word to Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı. He has been very

patient. In the second part of the program, we should talk about what

to do if we are going to break this vicious circle.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: I will briefly touch upon some of the issues your

valuable guests mentioned. I'm not sure how credible it is to have

13.500 signatures in "virtual" space. I would suggest that you

leave the virtual space of the Internet, and come to the public

spaces and squares in Erzurum, Erzincan, Igdır, Van and Kars, and

gather signatures there. Then, you will perhaps increase the number

above 13.500. You are saying that history was concealed from you;

the genie is out of the bottle in the EU process. Mr. Aktar used the

phrase blossoming. OK, but where do you think you get the authority

to make statements about 1915. You are not a historian, you are not

a jurist. You are saying that you don't use the term genocide. But,

you are using the terminology used by Armenia when you say Great

Catastrophe. It fits the theses of Armenia perfectly in terms of

historical and political goals. It is not credible to defend this as

a voice of conscience. Mr.

CalıÅ~_lar is even saying that genocide is not such a terrible word

to use. Genocide is in fact the most degrading of crimes against

humanity. And you're being a spokesperson for those who accuse the

Turkish nation of genocide.

CalıÅ~_lar: I'm saying no such thing (ne alakası var). This was a

CUP decision, a decision by CUP clique. This is not a crime that can

be attributed to a nation. This is not a national crime. Why should

it implicate my whole nation (niye butun milletimi baglasın)?

BölukbaÅ~_ı: President Gul came out and said that this would be a

contribution to a lively debate environment. PM said he is against

it. I guess AKP is playing good cop bad cop. I want to focus on the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Ministry has given many martyrs,

many who lost their lives while serving the country overseas. The

Ministry is second only to the Armed Forces. And Minister Babacan

is at the head of such a Ministry. The spokesperson of the Ministry

of Foreign Affairs supported the statement yesterday saying it was

a democratic expression. It is impossible to understand this attitude.

CalıÅ~_lar: The Ministry is doing what it should do. The statement

is not political. It does not address the Ministry.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: Let me tell you what the Ministry should do. I invite

Foreign Affairs Minister Babacan to support the campaign,. Babacan

should sign the statement as well. It would be fitting for him to

sit among you [Aktar, CalıÅ~_lar, İskit] (aranıza yakıÅ~_ır).

CalıÅ~_lar: We will be glad if he signs the statement.

Birand: Let's take a break. We'll be back.

Birand: I have a question to Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı because I believe he

was there during this incident. In the Foreign Relations Committee of

the Parliament, CHP Izmir MP Canan Aritman said that the intellectuals

who signed the statement were on bribe. She also claimed that President

Gul was Armenian on his mother's side. Were you in the Commission? What

do you say to Ms. Arıtman's response to the President?

BölukbaÅ~_ı: Yes, I was there... But none of the statements about

Mr. President's family were made in the Commission. Such statements

are disgraceful, ugly and very wrong.

Elekdag: I agree. I denounce her remarks and I reject them. One should

not say these words against the President. I also apologize to our

Armenian citizens...

CalıÅ~_lar: Arıtman's remarks also show that being Armenian is used

as a derogatory term [in our country]. It is used to put down people

(aÅ~_agılayıcı; hakaret eden). Her bringing up the ethnicity of

the President's mother also shows her racist attitude...

Elekdag: We're discussing these things in our society. I'm opposing

the views expressed by an MP from my own party. Can you discuss these

things in Armenia, France or USA? Look, we are discussing these issues

freely. My friend mentioned a statement during my time as US Ambassador

that 69 scientists signed. You know what happened? These persons were

threatened one by one, their families were intimidated. Their houses

were bombed.

CalıÅ~_lar: Do you think it is easy to discuss these issues in

Turkey? Many people are threatened. Hrant Dink was killed. You give

the impression that these things are discussed in Turkey in a totally

democratic fashion.

Elekdag: But we can discuss freely. I'm listening to you respectfully.

CalıÅ~_lar: Article 301 is still a big problem. Just the other day,

Minister of Justice released the figures: there were 348 applications

from prosecutors to open lawsuits for Article 301 violations during

the last 6 months alone; the Minister was saying that it was a good

expression of democratic governance that he only allowed 48 lawsuits

to go through with further prosecution. Please be reasonable when

you compare us to USA. Don't ignore the reality.

Azer: No, we are not saying that there are no difficulties in

Turkey. But, at least we can openly discuss these issues. For example,

in Switzerland I can't openly declare my opinions.

CalıÅ~_lar: It is not possible to do it freely here either. Hrant

Dink was condemned for saying genocide. I can bring you the cases of

50 lawsuits; people receive punishments for using the word genocide.

Elekdag: You always give the example of Dink being killed to point

out that we are not able to discuss. Let's not disturb his soul

[by bringing his name to the debate all the time].

Aktar: But you don't even tolerate an apology statement, not even

such a compassionate campaign. Signatories are giving expression

to their conscience. They are speaking most sincerely ("from their

lungs," cigerlerinden). But you are saying how dare them (ne hakla

diyorsunuz). There was no concept of genocide in 1915. We used Metz

Yeghern, i.e. the expression Armenians used at the time. You are

claiming that it is synonymous with genocide, i.e. a term that was

coined in 1948. You are bringing this up, you are the one who is

making demagogy. You are taking a later term and equating it to an

earlier term which we used.

İskit: We should clarify an issue about genocide that

Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı brought up. He was angrily asking us how we can

attribute this crime to the nation. According to 1948 Convention,

only persons can commit genocide. Indeed, just yesterday a Colonel

was sentenced for his role in Rwanda genocide. It is not possible at

all to condemn nations and societies because of the crime of genocide.

Elekdag: But there is a big flaw in your argument. True, Article

4 of 1948 Genocide Convention reads as you suggested right

now. But there has been a change in the interpretation of 1948

Convention. International Court of Justice (ICJ) has given a verdict on

27 February 2007 in the case of Bosnia vs. Serbia; and according this

verdict ICJ has stated that states are also responsible if they have

not taken necessary precautions to prevent the genocide. The Court has

set out certain important criteria to make such a determination. In

other words, states are also responsible if they are not preventing

genocide.

İskit: Yes, this is true. The state can be held responsible for

genocide. But the nation cannot be held responsible. This is an

important [distinction]. CUP, the state or individuals can be held

responsible, but a nation cannot be held responsible.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: It is regrettable that the persons who have signed

the document don't realize what they've formulated. There is no

legal basis to this. The state is the target of such international

court cases as Mr. Elekdag mentioned. The case Bosnia vs. Serbia

is the latest example of this. Moreover, such court cases are not

only about the determination of crime; they also aim to determine

compensation claims against states. In this apology campaign, you make

a determination about the events of 1915, you are also determining

that there is a crime that needs an apology, and also that there are

perpetrators. You are apologizing on your part. It is another matter

who you represent but you are contributing to putting the Turkish

nation on trial for the greatest crime against humanity; you cannot

blacken Turkish nation and history, and put our ancestors on trial.

CalıÅ~_lar: There is no sense to what you're saying. The three

leaders of CUP ordered the deportation, what does this have to do

with the nation?

Aktar: It is well-known that many have hid their Armenian neighbors.

Birand: What is this we hear about the [apology] site being blocked?

Aktar: The Internet site is under constant attack for the

last 3 days. There is no tolerance despite the statements of

Mr. President. Computers which are so powerful that they can only be

located at a few locations are sending over a million access requests

per second and blocking the site. I cannot say where these attacks

originate from because I'm not sure. Despite the claims, there is no

tolerance for this. It seems that it is forbidden to apologize....

 

Birand: Can such campaigns make a positive contribution to a

solution? This is a very complex problem that involves Armenia, the

Diaspora, and US Congress. Public opinion is now taking this step

[with the apology statement]. Don't you think this will be helpful?

Elekdag: This campaign cannot serve a useful purpose. There are secret

negotiations going on between Turkey and Armenia. The proposal about a

historians' commission is part of these negotiations. It is impossible

to move forward without such a commission. The questions revolve

around the conditions of this commission. Armenians do not want such

a commission under no conditions. They are thinking that they have

the upper hand both on moral and political grounds. Their way is to

use US and EU and world parliaments to exert pressure on Turkey.

CalıÅ~_lar: Negotiations between governments are going on based some

calculations that we don't know anything about. I'm not in a position

to follow those details. My concern is to have a stance as a human

being. There may be persons on the Armenian side interested in such

a stance.

İskit: We need to distinguish between the state and civil society. The

state can evaluate what is in its interests. It is up to my colleagues

among the government negotiators to make those evaluations. Mr. Elekdag

thinks that this campaign will have a negative effect. If you ask me,

we don't know that. The campaign may make positive contributions. Let

me give a concrete example. There was a conference about Armenians

two years ago at Bilgi University. A scandal broke out.

Elekdag: It was organized behind closed doors. No, there wasn't a

scandal. We allowed it. It was good that it was held.

İskit: It didn't have a negative effect. These things are related

to one another.

Elekdag: This is a different issue. Right now, there are negotiations

going on. When there are such voices in Turkey, this is something

that makes Armenia's position stronger. This is clear.

İskit: I don't think this is the case.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: This is, of course, something that will make Armenia's

position stronger. It is not possible to think otherwise. The basis

of Armenia's strategy is to use third country parliaments' genocide

recognition to create a suitable foundation; to create legal processes

for individual compensation claims. Let me read what Foreign Affairs

Minister of Armenia says: similar to the Holocaust, they aim that

Turkey will recognize genocide and apologize, then compensation will

follow. There is no one in Turkey who is naïve enough not to see

that this is the aim. AKP government is getting ready to open the

border based solely on the agreement to establish a common historians'

commission. They are going to do this even if Armenia continues not

to recognize the common border, or remove her territorial claims from

their Constitution and Declaration of Independence; even if Armenia

continues to regard Mount Agrı [Ararat] as a national symbol. They are

also getting ready to establish diplomatic relations by accrediting

the Embassy in Tbilisi. According to my information, the point of

contention in historians' commission is this: Armenians are going to

use the argument that this is a historical fact beyond dispute and

that it has even supporters in Turkey. They don't want a separate

historians' commission; they prefer a supra-commission, and several

sub-commissions about tourism, trade, transportation. According to

this, the historians' commission will be one among as many as 20-25

such sub-commissions. They think it is in any case useless because

this is an established historical fact. This movement, whatever they

are calling it, a movement of intellectuals based on conscience or

some such thing, cannot make a positive contribution to this process.

İskit The issue of Armenian genocide is, in fact, a political issue -

i.e. an issue to go on to the stage in world public opinion. Turkey

has a thesis; Armenians put forward another thesis. We have followed

one path until now. And this path does not seem to work. We can look

at this way: will such an apology statement soften or harden the world

public opinion? One might also make such an evaluation: such apology

statements may soften the public opinion; they might serve to give

an image of more plural and free society, in this way they might make

a positive contribution to the state's interests. If Turkey respects

minority rights, not only the rights of Armenians but all minorities,

no one can condemn such a country [in world public opinion].

Aktar: There are in fact several positive responses along these

lines. This campaign does not address itself to the Armenian government

or Turkish government. The positive responses from individual

Armenians in Turkey, in the Diaspora or in Armenia are positive,

but not for the reasons you might imagine. They are not saying 'oh,

how happy we are, they have recognized the genocide'. They are giving

a positive response with tears in their eyes because they are seeing a

compassionate response after 90 years. These responses are not because

of bi-lateral negotiations or what they might lead to. This is the crux

of the matter. And speaking of national interest, if we are going to

speak reason and rationality, the truth of the matter is Deportation is

one of the biggest calamities that have ever happened in Anatolia. It

is a totally irrational decision. Anatolian economy collapsed because

of this decision. The economy of Eastern Anatolia totally collapsed.

And from that time until today, the economy has not been able to revive

itself. At the roots of what we call Kurdish rebellion, there is also

the destruction of Armenians. If we are talking interests and reason,

this decision was not rational (akılsa, akılcı degildir). Ottoman

state had lost control to such an extent that it wasn't able to follow

its interests. Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı said that I wasn't a historian and

jurist, I'm saying if you're talking about reason, this business

is not even rational. And, as a matter of fact, we are not talking

about reason, we are talking from the heart and "lungs" (kaldi ki

biz akıldan degil, kalpten cigerden bahsediyoruz).

Azer: I don't think this statement will soften anything. Armenian

goals do not have a one, two or ten year perspective. Their goals

are long-term. The goals of genocide recognition by parliaments and

the creation of an environment where there can be no talk of claiming

there was no genocide, like Switzerland. We'll see what will happen

in France. What is worrying for me is this: I wasn't able to prevent

this abroad and now it is inside my borders. This is making my hand

weaker in negotiations.

CalıÅ~_lar: What this means is this: you are not successful

in Armenian policy. These are the calculations that the states

can make. This does not concern me as a citizen. I'm expressing

myself as a citizen. As a citizen, I'm against several policies of

the state. I'm against coup d'etats, against Article 301, against

how Armenians are treated. I'm also against the policies of other

states. I'm against US invasion of Iraq. There is no such thing as

the state equals the citizen. So what if secret negotiations are

being conducted with Armenia? There is no such thing that dictates

citizens are going to stand obediently behind the state (vatandaÅ~_

devletin arkasında hazırolda duracak).

Elekdag: I believe that CalıÅ~_lar is sincere. He says that

this is a personal stance based on his conscience. I respect his

position. However, dear friends, and I am addressing myself to all of

you sitting on the opposite end of the table, we should think about

how this is going to be perceived around the world... They are going

to perceive it such that a group of people in Turkey are supporting

Armenian genocide claims. You are going to see that I'm right when

you read world press.

CalıÅ~_lar: The world can also think that there are righteous Turks

(vicdanî Turkler).

Aktar: There are already reactions in the world press but not in the

way you imagine.

Azer: Check out the website of Asbarez Newspaper, and you'll see what

I mean.

Aktar: I'm talking about NY Times, Washington Post, Liberation, Le

Monde, Figaro, The Guardian and Financial Times. I don't know the

newspaper you mention. I'm talking about world press... And we forgot

to mention the German press.

Elekdag: We asked a moment ago how we are going to solve this

problem. There is a political dimension to this business. This is a

historical and legal issue. At the end of the day, the issue will come

down to the genocide term. And the only way to approach genocide is

a legal approach. The first thing to do is to establish a historians'

commission; and then to evaluate the historical discoveries.

Producer Akar: I believe Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı is going to have some

comments about our discussion. After his comments, can he also offer

us his thoughts about Defense Minister Gönul's statements last

month? Minister Gönul had asked in a commemoration event in Brussels

[November 10, 2008]: "Could Turkey have been the same nation-state

it is today had the Greek community still lived in Aegean or had

Armenians lived in many parts of the country?" Mr. Aktar also stressed

that it was against Turkey's national interests that almost 3 million

Greeks and Armenians were removed from Anatolia. Do you agree with

Mr. Gönul's assessment?

BölukbaÅ~_ı: Before coming to Mr. Gönul's statements, let me make

my last comments. They are saying the apology statement pertains to

civil society, not to the political sphere. But, in fact, the issue

at hand is political, historical and legal both in its nature and in

its consequences. The important thing is even Sarkisyan would sign

this statement because the apology statement serves the interests of

Armenia. I would not automatically claim that this is the intention

of individuals preparing the statement. But, the consequence of

their statement serves this purpose. The signatories may have eased

their conscience. My concern is that while trying to create empathy,

they may have made a statement that will invite tensions and activate

a clash dynamics. One cannot rationally defend this statement in a

context where all the clash dynamics in Turkish society are active.

Birand: I think Mr. Aktar says that this is not their problem. They

are just giving expression to their opinions.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: Of course, they may think like that. I am just pointing

out that this will increase the tensions in society. I don't expect

that everyone will think responsibly.

CalıÅ~_lar: Why would it increase tensions? You can just say that

you don't agree. You express your opinion, and you can allow us to

express ours. Why should we get tense [as a society]?

Aktar: There is no reason that we should get tense as a society

because of this (gerilmeyelim). As a party, for example, you can

say to the MHP organization that the signatories are just expressing

their opinions. That would be good.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: Anyway. And don't think that I'm being disrespectful,

but I have to say this: I don't think there is any importance to this

initiative other than it being an expression of the mentality that it

represents (temsil ettigi zihniyet dıÅ~_ında bir önemi yoktur). I

would not say it would serve any purpose. You're showing empathy

only to the Armenians. You neglect the invasion of Azerbaijan, the

brutality of Armenia. You neglect the brutality of Armenians during

the same period in Anatolia. I won't mention the martyrs of Foreign

Affairs because I see that even some of my colleagues seem to have

forgotten them. Thank you very much.

Producer Akar: I believe Mr. BölukbaÅ~_ı did not want to enter

into a polemic about Mr. Gönul's statement last month. I want to

ask you too Mr. Elekdag: what are your comments to Defense Minister

Gönul's statements?

Elekdag: I find his remarks very unfortunate. His remarks make

reference to some unfortunate events in our recent history. I was very

uncomfortable with his statement. Population exchange is naturally

a mutual agreement. I cannot accept his statement. His statement is

a gaffe for a politician to make.

Aktar: It is a fact that the common denominator of Turkish nationhood

is Islam. Non-Muslims naturally and historically fall outside this

definition. This is not something one can question, it is a fact

that each of us knows and feels. These are the facts of Turkish

nation-building process.

CalıÅ~_lar: We have the example of 6-7 September events.

Aktar: Yes, and these events are the last stages of this process.

İskit: This country has not been able to tolerate minorities

(hazmedememiÅ~_tir). We couldn't take care of the minorities when

laying the foundations of the nation-building. They were just included

in the constitution. That's all.

Azer: I cannot agree to Mr. Aktar's definition of Turkish nation. That

religion is the essential building block. This is not true because

Turks pre-dated Islam. And they will continue after Islam as well.

Aktar: It is not only Islam, but Sunni Islam. The understanding of

the nation even excludes the Alevis. It is not possible to dispute

this. It is a fact. Before the 1870s, out the 13 million living

Anatolia, almost half of the population did not know Turkish.

Birand: We're approaching the end of the program. Let's have the

last comments.

Elekdag: Let me repeat that genocide issue is a political, legal

and historical issue. Law will have the last word about this

issue. Genocide term is coined in 1940s by Raphael Lemkin. 1948

UN Convention has codified it, and set definite criteria for its

determination. It can be determined either by national courts

where the event took place or an international criminal court, or

the International Court of Justice. This is the only way to solve

this issue.

CalıÅ~_lar: When dear Hrant Dink was brutally murdered, the human

face of Turkey also became visible after the murder (insanî yuzu

ortaya cıktı). Not only the 150.000 people at the funeral but also

the millions watching on TV in tears, showed their reaction to the

world. This was Turkey's human face. Even though we lost Hrant, our

very important intellectual, the world witnessed the conscience of

Turks (dunya Turklerin vicdanını gördu). The latest statement is

also a small expression of conscience. We are showing the same human

face of Turkey to the world. I see this as part of the same sentiment

that was there in Hrant's funeral. I believe that the world is going

to perceive this in a similar light.

Aktar: The world is already seeing it in this fashion. We really

need to calm down [in this country]. And politicians, CHP and MHP,

have important roles to play in this process. They need to express

that this is a citizens' movement based on conscience. Politicians

owe it to our soceity to express that this initiative does not aim

to create tensions.

İskit: I want to express similar thoughts. Turkey is becoming more

democratic. This statement is also meaningful in the sense that Turkey

is pluralistic, that it has freedom of expression.

BölukbaÅ~_ı: I believe this initiative is an unfortunate move. It

serves the goals of Armenians by blackening the history of Turkey.

Azer: We had started the second part of the program by asking where

we go from here. We will continue the negotiations. We will stress

the historians' commission. But it won't be just another commission

among numerous other commissions. We will have them recognize our

borders. We will solve these issues before establishing diplomatic

relations. Lastly, we will go to International Court of Justice and

accept their verdict about the genocide issue. There is no risk in

this. English and Russian archives are open. French archives between

1914-18 are closed. I believe that the evidence supports us and that's

why they are not opening it. Armenians will also open their archives...

Birand: This was a rare 32nd Day Program. Everyone expressed their

opinions very respectfully. Perhaps because we had many diplomats in

our show tonight... Let's end our program on this note.

 

 

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