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Valentyn Stetsyuk Traces of Linguistic Contacts in Türkic and Indo-European Vocabularies Abbreviations Arm - Armenian Bolg – Bulgarian Balk - Balkar Chuv - Chuvash Dt - Dutch Eng - English Gag. - Gagauz Germ - German Gil - Gilan Got - Gothic Gr - Greek IE - Indoeuropean Karach - Karachay Kaz - Kazakh Kyrg - Kyrghyz Lat - Latin Lit – Lithuanian Norw – Norwegian OE - Old English OG- Old German O.H.G. – Old High German OI - Old Indian OIcl - Old Icelandic OT - Old Türkic Pers – Persian Rom – Romanian Rus - Russian Sl - Old-Slavic Sw- Swedish Ukr – Ukrainian Uzb – Uzbek Tat - Tatarian Toch - Tocharian Tur – Turkish Türkm- Türkmen Yak – Yakut 1. Common Nostratic heritage in vocabularies of Türkic and Indoeuropean Some roots in Türkic and Indoeuropean languages can be attributed to the common Nostratic heritage since ancient speakers these languages resided in the adjacent areas in the region between the rivers Kura and Araks in S.Caucasus. Enough good examples of the most convincing lexical parallels coming from that time can be such: IE *aulos “gulli, lowlands, settlement” (Lat alvus, GrSl ulica “street” ) - common Türkic aul “village”. IE *bheleg “to shine”, “to burn” (Lat fulgeo, Gr , Lit blyk(ti, Sl blikati, bleskъ etc.) - Tur balkır “shine”, Tat balku “light” etc. Maybe common Türkic belgi “sign” belongs here too. IE *bher “to bring”, “to take” (Lat fero, Gr , Sl bürati, etc.) - common Türkic be:r “to give” (Türkm bermek, Tur vermek, Karach , Balk berirge etc). IE *bheug “to bend” (Got biugan, OE bugan, OI bhujati, Sl bъgati) – common Türkic bük- “to bend” (Türkm, Tur bükmek, Tat bögü, Karach, Balk bügerge etc.) IE *bhor “to turn” (Lat forare, OE borian, Gr ) - common Türkic bur- (Türkm, Tur burmak, Tat boru, Uzb buramoq “to turn” a.o.) IE *dek “right” (Lat dexter, Gr , Sl desnъ a.o.) - common Türkic dik/dek “right”, “straight” (Türkm dikan “straight”, Tur dik “vertical”, Chuv tikěs, Uzb tekis “straight” etc.) IE *der "to split, skin" (Gr  “skin, pelt”, "to skin", Goth gatairan, Slav dirati "to tear" etc - common Türkic , everywhere deri “skin, hide, pelt”. IE *dheub “deep” (Germ tief, Gr  a.o.) – common Türkic düjp (Türkm düjp, Karach, Balk tüb, Tat tüp “bottom”. IE *ghabh “to take, to seize” (Lat habeo, Got giban, Sl gabati, Lit gabenti, a.o.) - Türkm gapmak, Yak xap “to catch”, Tur kapmak “to seize”, Tat kabu ”to take” etc. IE *gieu “to chew” (OE ceowan, Germ kauen, Sl (ьvati, Pers j’ävidän, Gil j’av(st(n a.o.) - Tur gevelemek, Uzb kav(amoq, Karach, Balk küü(enirge “to chew” etc. IE *k’es “to cut” (Lat castrare, Gr , Sl kosa, kositi, Lit gabenti, a.o.) - common Türkic kes- “to cut” (Türkm, Tur kesmek, Karach, Balk keserge, Kaz kesu etc). IE *kai-ur-t “cave”, “pit” (Lat cavea, Gr , OI kevata a.o.) - Türkm govak “cave”, Tur kovuk “hollow”, “hole”, Chuv xăvăl “hollow” a.o. IE *ker “rime” (Arm sa(n, Sl sernú, Lit (e(k(nas, OIsl hjarn a.o.) - common Türkic qyraw “rime” (Türkm gyrav, Kaz, Karach, Balk qyrau, Kyrg kyroo etc.) IE *kers “dark” (Gr , Sl (ьrnъ, OI kŕsna a.o.) - common Türkic qara- “black” (Tur, Gag., Tat kara, Karach, Balk, Kaz qara etc.) IE *kes “to scratch” (Gr , Sl (esati, Lit kasyti etc). - Türkm gašamak, Tur kaşîmak, Karach, Balk qašyrğa “to scratch” etc. IE *krep- “body” (Lat corpus, Gr , OG * hrefa-, etc). - common Türkic qursak (Karach, Balk, Uzb qursaq, Tur gurşag, Gag. gursak, Tat korsak, etc.) “body, belly”. IE *skel “to cut, to split” (Gr , Got skilja, Lit skelti a.o.) - Türkm (almak, Karach, Balk (alyrğa “to mow, to cut”, Tat čalgy , Kaz (algy ”to scythe” etc. IE *skep/kep “to beat, to split” (Gr , Lat scapula, Lit kapoti a.o.) - Tur (apa “mattok”, Chuv (ap “to beat”, Tat čabu “to mow, to cut” a.o.) IE *ster “pus” (Lat stercus, Sl stьrvь, Norw stor a.o.) - Tur (irkef “dirt, pus”, Gag. čürük “pus”, Karach, Balk (irirge “to rot” a.o.) IE *tek “to weave”, “to spin” (Lat texere, Gr , Sl tъkati, Arm t’ek’em a.o.) - common Türkic doqa- "to weave" (Tur dokumak, Türkm dokamak, Kaz toqu and similar.) IE *ual “strong” (Lat valeo, Got waldan, Sl vlastь, etc.) - Türkm, Kaz uly, Tur, Gag. ulu, Karach, Balk oly “great” a.o. IE *uegu- (Pokorny – perhaps false) or *uksōn (Kluge) “bull, ox” (OI uksā, Got auhsa, Germ Ochse, Toch okso, etc.) – Tur, Türkm, Gag, Karach, Balk öküz, Kaz ögiz, Chuv văkăr – „bull” etc. IE *uel “to turn” (Lat volvo, Gr , Sl val- etc) - Tat ejlenderu , Uzb ajlantirmoq “to turn”, Karach, Balk ajlanyu “rotation”. 2. Common elements in the Turkic, Armenian, Greek, and Latin languages The contacts between the ancient Türkic and Indo-European ethnoi continued after migration of both ethnic groups from the S.Caucasus to Eastern Europe. Proto-Armenians resided on the left banks of the river Dniepr in the closest vicinity with Türks. Accordingly, the most words of the Türkic origin were found specifically in the Armenian language. Some part of the Türkic words through the Armenian language even reached the ancient Greeks. The Türkisms in the Armenian, to which sometimes can be found coincidences in Greek, are shown below: Arm a(tiur “low ground, moist meadow, swamp” - Tur, Tat, Karach, Balk alt “low” a.o. Sir Gerard Clauson writes about Türkic word: “There is grave doubt whether this is really an independet ancient word. If it was it means ‘the bothom, or lower surface (of something)’. Armenian can mean properly speaking “the bottom”. Arm a(u “canal” - common Türkic aryk (aryğ) “canal”. Arm acux “coal” - common Türkic očak/ očok “heart, fire-place” (Chuv vučax, Tur ocak a.o.), moreover Türkm čog, Tur şövg, Kaz šok, Uzb čůg “red-hot coal” a.o. Arm alap’-em “plunder” - Türkic alp “tough, resistant, hard to overcome”, can be also “hero, warrior” (Chuv ulăp “giant, titan”, OT, Tur alp, Tat alyp a.o. “hero”). Arm alik’ “wave”, “billow”, Gr alox “furrow” - Türkic oluq “gutter” (Tur oluk “trough”, Chuv valak - “trough”, Karach, Balk uuaq “wavy”). Arm anta( “forest” - Gag. andyz “grove, bushes”, Tur and(z “kind of weed”. Similar words are present in other Türkic languages but all they have a meaning of severel plants. Only Armeinan and Gagauz words have the meaning of the forest. Arm atkhi “foot” – common Türkic ajaq/adaq “foot”. Arm c(uk “muzzle, mug, snout”, Gr gorgos “terribble, fearful” - Türkic qorq- “to fear, to be afraid” (Türkm gorky “fear, fright”, Tur korku “fear, fright”, Gag. korku “fear, fright” a.o). Arm (up “stick” - extended Türkic čybyk “switch”. Sir Gerard Clauson pointed: “perhaps the basic word of which čybyk was a diminutive form of noun (*čyp). Arm garš-i-m “to have an aversion” - Türkm garšy, Gag. karšy, Tur karşi, Chuv xirěs “opposed, opposite, the opposite”. Arm he(g “lazy, idle” - common Türkic jalta/jalka “lazy, idle” ( Karach, Balk jalk, Chuv julxav, Tat jalkau, Kaz žalkau a.o.) Arm kamar “vault”, Gr  “vault room”, Lat camurus “curved, bent”, camerare “to vault” – Tur kubur “case, pipe”, Uzb dial. qumur , Kaz quvyr “chimney”. Perhaps these Türkic words are derivative from Türkic köpür “bridge” (see below).. Arm kamurj’ “bridge”, Gr “dam, bridge” - common Türkic köpür “bridge” (Chuv kěper, Karach, Balk köpür, Tat küper a.o.). Sir Gerard Clauson supposed the origin of Türkic word from the root köp- “to swell, foam, boil over”. But Armenian, Greek, and other IE words (Lat caper, Celtic caer, gabor a.o. “he-goat”) can give an evidence about Indo-European origin of the word. Türks borrowed the word from Indo-Europeans with meaning “he-goat” but became it back with new meaning “bridge”. Some later IE words with meaning near to „bridge“ (Dutch keper, Germ Käpfer a.o.) originated from Lat caper. Arm sta-na-m “to buy” - Chuv sut “to sell”, Tur satın “buying”, Balk, Karach satyb “to buy” a.o. Arm (e( “slant, curved”, Gr  “curved” – Türkic čal- as Sir Gerard Clauson think “to cknock down, to throw to the ground” (Chuv čalaš “slant”, Tat čulak, Tur (al(k “curved”). Arm tal, Gr Lat glos „the daughter-in-law, sister-in-law“ – Türkic gelin „the daughter-in-law, sister-in-law“. Arm tarap’ “downpour, gush” - Chuv tap(r “watering place”. Arm teli “place” - Chuv t(l “place”. Arm tuk “saliva” - Türkm tüjkülik, Karach, Balk tükürük “saliva”, Gag. tükürmää “spit” a.o. Arm thošel “to fly” – common Türk düš- “to fall”. Not all Türkic loan-words survived in the Armenian, and a part of them have not been found yet, that is why a small group of Türkic roots exist only in Greek. There is no doubt that matches to a part of them can be found in the Armenian language in some time. A separate group among the Türkic -Greek lexical coincidences is represented by the Greek-Chuvashian parallels which descended from the more late time as a part of Greek ethnos stayed in Pontic steppes after the great bulk of Old Greeks went for Balkan Peninsula. The ancient Bulgars, the ancestors of Chuvashians, stayed on this territory for a long time too and adopted from the Greek some words, but the Armenian coincidences are not obligatory for them. They also are included in this list. Gr Lat ager, Germ Acker “field” – common Turkic ek- (Chuv ak, akăr) “to sow”. The origin of Greek and Latin words is dark. Gr  “to ask” - Chuv vitěn “to entreat”, Tur ötünmek “to ask, to solicit”, OT ajit- “to ask, to question” etc. Frisk didn't give sure etymology of the Greek word. Gr , Lat acacia “acacia” – common Türkic agač (yğa:č) “tree”. Frisk considers the Greek word as "Fremdwort". Gr XE "Мова:грецька" , Lat XE "Мова:латинська" araneus “spider” - Chuv XE "Мова:чуваська" erešmen, Gag XE "Мова:гагаузька" örümžäk, Az hörüm(êk “spider”. Frisk didn't give sure etymology of the Greek word. XE "Мова:грецька" Gr  "smell, odour" – Turk aram/erem (Chuv erĕm ) "wormwood". See also Chuv armuti. Gr  “man, male” - Chuv ar(yn “man”. Frisk connected the Greek word with OInd árṣati "to flow". Obviously, the Chuvash word is borrowed from Greek. Gr  “to bind, hang up” - Chuv urtăn “to hang up”, Tur, Tat, Kaz art- etc “to hang on”. Frisk considered Greek word as a derivate from Gr  what is doubtful. This is loan-word from Turkic. Gr  “to tie, to bind” - common Türkic düv- “knot”, Türkm düvün, Chuv těvě. Frisk connected the Greek word with OInd ditá- "bound". Gr  “sieve” - Chuv atma “fishnet”. Frisk didn't give sure etymology of the Greek word but it is a derivate out of  "to sift". Obviously, Chuvash word is borrowed from Old Greek. Gr  “remedy” - common Türkic em- “remedy”, Türkm, Gag., Tur em. Gr  “wax, honeycombs” - Chuv karas “honeycombs”. The root is IE. The source of the loan in Chuvashian is unknown. Gr Lat lacus, OIr loch a.o. “pool, lake, pit”, - Chuv lak(m “pit”. Gr  “mattock” – Crim-Tat ülüskär, Kaz lesker “mattock” (M. Vasmer). Frisk wrote about the Greek word: "Nicht sicher erklärt" (Not sure explained). Gr  “bolt, bar” – Tut, Gag mandal “bolt, bar”. Gr  “tower”, Lat burgus “castle, tower” Germanic *burg (German Burg “castle) - Chuv purak “bast, bast-basket (cylindrical)”, Karach buruu “fence”. Frisk supposed the Greek word is borrowed from some Germanic language. Gr  “wheat”, Lit pūraĩ "winter wheat" a.o. IE - Chuv pări “spelt, the kind of wheat”. The root is IE. The source of the loan in Chuvashian is unknown. Gr  “sack”, Lat saccus “sack”, - Chuv sak “weir-basket, coop”, Ukr, Rus sak “fishing-tackle in the form of sack” and other similar Slavic and Germanic words. гр.  “sea” – Turkiq talaj, talaš (Chuv talaj) “sea”. Gr  “papyrus chart”, Lat carta “paper, letter” - Chuv h(rta “patch”. Frisk noted the Greek word as "unerklärt" (unclear). Gr “bile, gall” - Chuv xăla “light-yellow” . The root is IE. The source of the loan in Chuvashian is unknown. Gr  “kraal”, Lat hortus “garden”, OG gardon “garden” - Cuv karta “fence”. Since the 3-d millenium B.C. a part of ancient Türks, known as creator of the fighting axes and cord ceramics culture, migrated to the right banks of the river Dnieper and farther on to the Central Europe. We do not know how many and which of the Türkic tribes moved through the Dniepr. It is though known that people of the fighting axes were assimilated among the Indoeuropean and Proto-Indoeuropean aborigines. Only one Türkic tribe, the tribe of the ancient Bulgars, retained its ethnic identity. The first people whom the Bulgars met on the right bank of the Dniepr were the creator of Trypilla (Tripolie in Russian) culture. Some words of their language could remain in the language of Chuvashes who are the descendants of Bulgars. Moreover, in that period the ancient Bulgars had language contacts with the ancient Hittites, Italics and Illirians. The shown below Turkisms in Latin came from that time. Naturally, most frequent of all in the list are the Chuvashian words . Lat abbas “abbot” - Chuv. ap(s “priest”. Lat. alga “alga, seaweed” - Chuv. y(lma “ooze”. Kornilov gives in concordance jylxa. I do not found such word. Lat amicus “friend” - Chuv. ami “friend, brother”. Lat arca “box” - Chuv ar(a “chest”. Lat artemisia “wormwood” - Chuv armuti “wormwood”. Germ Wermut “wormwood” too. Lat cama “bed” - Chuv kh(ma “board”. Lat. casa “house” – Chuv. kas( “street”. Lat cera “evening” - Chuv. çer “night”. Lat cicuta “toxic plant” - Chuv kiken “toxic plant”. Lat cito “fast, quick” - Chuv xytă “fast, quick”, Karach, Balk qaty “fast, rapid”. Lat Cocles namely “wry, one-eyed” - Chuv. kuklek “wry”; Lat codex “stump, trunk” - Tur, Gag. kütük “stump, trunk”. Lat cupa “tub” – Tur, Turk kova, Chag qopa etc “tub”. Lat cura “care” - Chuv khural “protection”. Lat cursarius “pirate” - Chuv xarsăr “bold, courageous”, Karach., Balk oğursuz “wicked, vicious”, Tur hırsîz “thief” a.o. Lat delirium “delirium” – Chuv tilěr, Tat tile “madman”; Lat. fàbula “rumour” – Chuv. pavra “to chatter, to talk”; Lat * falterna (Aristolochia) - Chuv věltěren “nettle” (Urtica Gen) - Latin word was restored by W. Meyer-Lübke from Fr fauterne and Old Prov fauterna with the remark “Woher?” (Where from?). One can suppose from Old Chuvashian (Bulgarian). Lat farnus “ash tree” - Chuv v(rene “maple”. Lat faux “throat” - Gag. buaz Kyrg buvaz, Tur, Kaz, Karach, Balk boğaz a.o. “throat”. Lat imber “downpour, gush” - Türkm jagmyr, Chuv çumăr, Tat jaŋğır, Uzb jomğyr, Tur yağmur “rain”. Lat ius, iuris 1. “low, justice” - Chuv jărăs “sraight”, Tur yasa “low, regulations”, Karach džoruq “low” a.o. Lat ius, iuris 2. “soup” - Chuv jaška - “soup”, juškăň “slime”. Lat lama “swamp” - Chuv l(m “moisture”. Lat laurus “laurel” (Rom laur “thorn-apple”) - Chuv l(b(r “thistle”. Lat mactare, macto “to glorify”, “to sacrifice” - common Türkic (Türkm magtamak, Chuv muxta Karach, Balk maxtarğa, Uzb maqtamoq “praise”, Yak maxtan “thank” etc). Lat mel “honey” – Türkic ba:l “honey” is presented in Gagauz, Turkish, Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz and other languages. Sir Gerard Clauson writes: “It is generally agreed that (this word – V.S.) is a very loan-word from some Indo-European language, dating from a period when m was so inacceptable as an initial that it was replaced by b… The closest IE parallel is Latin mel; the Sanskrit form is madhu”. Sanskrit form belongs to the other IE root *medhu (s. Pokorny). Greek  “honey” is more suited and there are similar words in Germanic, Celtic and Armeinian languages. In this case, it is not easy to determine the origin of this root. Lat ordo “row”, “order”, “army”, “detachment” - common Türkic (Türkm, Kaz orda, Chuv urta Tur ordu etc “army”). Lat pasta “pasta” – Karach, Balk basta “porridge, gruel” Lat pudis “louse” - common Türkic bit “louse” (Chuv pyjta, rest bit/pit). Lat pūris “pus” - чув. pür “pus”. Lat quattuar “four” - Chuv t(vatt( “four” (the other Turkic tört /dört “four”). Lat Roma - Chuv uram, Karach, Balk oram “street”. Lat saliva “saliva” - common Türkic (Chuv s(leke, Türkm selki, Tat silegej etc “saliva”). Lat sarda, sardina “kind of fish” - Chuv ((rtan “pike (fish)”. Lat scopula “broom” - Chuv (ăpăr “broom”. Lat sollicitare “shake” - common Türkic (Chuv sille, Türkm selkildemek, Tur silkmek etc “shake”). Lat taberna “public-house” - ChuvXE "Ěîâŕ:÷óâŕńüęŕ" t(var "salt", Ukr, Rus tovar “goods” and “cattle”, Arm tavar “sheep”, “flock”, Kum XE "Ěîâŕ:ęóěčęńüęŕ"tuuar “flock”, TurXE "Ěîâŕ:ňóđĺöüęŕ" tavar “property”, “cattle”, Balk, Cr-Tat tu’ar “cattle” etc. The salt was the main export product for Old Bulgarians therefore it became sense “goods” (Stetsyuk Valentyn, 1998, 57). Many Iranian languages have the words XE "Ěîâŕ:łđŕíńüęŕ"tabar-teber-tevir “axe”, but Finno-Ugrian words of this root have sense “textile” (SaamXE "Ěîâŕ:ńŕŕěńüęŕ" tavjar, MarXE "Ěîâŕ:ěŕđłéńüęŕ" tuvyr, ChantXE "Ěîâŕ:őŕíňčéńüęŕ" tŕgar). All these things are objects of barter and trade, that is to say goods. Latin word *taber of unknown sense is vanished, but the derivate of it taberna stayed which origin is usually deduced from trabs “beam” what is unconvincing. Lat (Sabinian) teba “hill” - common Türkic (Chuv tüpe, Tur tepe, Kaz töbe etc “moutain, top”). Lat torta “round brad” - Chuv tărta “to twine, to nest”. Lat torus “elevation” - Chuv tără “top”. Compare with Eng tor “stony top”. Lat usus “use” - Chuv usă “use”. Eng use belongs here too or it is a Latin loan word? Lat vacca “cow” - Chuv v(k(r “bull”. Lat virga “twig, rod” without conformities in other IE languages – Xak, Uyg berge “whip”. Sir Gerard Clauson writes: “berge – a whip an old word ending in –ge/ It is suggested.., that it is a loan-word from Latin virga ‘a rod, a stock’ obtained through Middle Persian but there does not seen to be any tace of the word in Persian, and the theory is importable.” Lat vulgus “folk”, “herd”, “crowd”, Lat vulgaris “habitual, customary” - Chuv pulkkă “herd”, “flight, flock”, Bulgar - the old name one of the Türkic tribes, ancestors of Chuvashes. Hirher Germ Volk, Eng folk, Celtic ethnonym Volcae. This word has Indoeuropean origin and was loaned by Bulgars from the Germanic and came to Italics through Bulgars. Otherwise the Latin word might to have the form pulkus. References Clauson Gerard, Sir (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford. Frisk H. (1970). Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg. Hübschman Heinrich ( 1972). Armenische Grammatik. Erster Teil. Etymologie. Hidelsheim – New York. Kluge Friedrich (1989). Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Berlin - New York. Meyer-Lübke W. (1992). Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg. Pokorny J. (1949-1959). Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bern. Vasmer Max (1950-1958). Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg. Walde A. (1965). Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg.

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